Animal Science II

1. Animal Science II Principles of Animal Nutrition

2. Objective • Describe the six functions of a good ration

3. Rations • ________________ of vital body processes to keep animals __________ • _____________ by increasing size • _______________, ________________, _______________, ________________ • ___________________ • Storing _______________ • Not for ______________ or ____________

4. Rations • Production • _____________ • _____________ • Wool or _________ • ____________________ • ____________ • Other needs must be met _____________ • Most U.S. livestock do no _____________ (horses)

5. Rations • ______ to ______ of the ration fed to livestock is used for body ______________________ • Maintenance must be met before _____________ are available for other _______________

6. Objective • Define roughage and concentrates in relation to an animal ration

7. ______ ______ Roughage ______ ______ ______ ______ Roughages • Contains more than 18% crude fiber when that are dry

8. Concentrates • Contains less than ______ crude fiber when they are _______ • __________-corn, oats, barley, wheat • ____ _____________ • Wheat bran • Cottonseed hulls

9. Concentrates • Liquid supplements • ______________ • ______________ • Animal _____________ • Meat scraps, fish, and blood __________ • _____________ proteins • Cottonseed __________ • Soybean ___________ • Peanut ____________

10. Objective • Explain the characteristics of a good ration

12. Good Rations • Balanced • Has all the _______________ in the right ______________ • _______________ • Taste good • Low Cost • Feed is about _______ of the cost of raising livestock

13. Good Rations • Not harmful to the health of animals • Too much _____________ _________ can cause ____________________ problems • Uniformly mixed • _______________- vitamins and minerals • Feed ______________

14. Objective • Define feed additives and hormone implants used in animal rations

15. Feed Additives and Implants Feed additives • _______________ used in rations • ____________ quantities • Improve ____________________ • Feed efficiency • Rate of gain • Health • Production

16. Feed Additives and Implants • Hormones Implants • Most are _______________ • _________________ or natural • Improves rate of _____________ and ______________ efficiency

17. Feed Additives and Implants • Hormones can also be fed as feed _______________

18. Feed Additives and Implants • Performance stimulants • Increased _____________ by increased _____________________ • Low level antibiotic use is subtherapeutic • Some public concern regarding antibiotic resistance

19. Feed Additives and Implants • Feed additives are widely used in the beef _________, ________ and ______________ industry • Many different _________________ drugs are used increase performance and prevent disease • Regulated by the _______________________ (______)

20. Objective • Explain how to properly mix additives in a complete ration

21. Mixing Additives • The main rule that includes all other rules is “___________________________” • Mixing is required to provide the correct amounts of _________________ • ___________ equipment • Keep accurate records on ____________________ feeds

22. Objective • Select the appropriate feed additives for the given outcome

23. Kinds of Feed Additives • Antimicrobial Drugs • ___________________ and antibacterials • Used to control _________________ • Broad-spectrum when the specific disease is unknown • _____________ and ________________ • Hormones • Improve ______________ efficiency • Rate of ___________________ • Mainly used for _______________

24. Kinds of Feed Additives • Anthelmintics • Used to control ________________ • ________________ and Dichlovos • Others • _____________- coccidiosis in poultry • _____________- prevent bloat in beef cattle • _______________ of MGA to supress estrus in heifers

25. Objective • Describe the proper method of hormone implantation

26. Hormone Implantation • _______________ the animal • Use a sharp needle • Prevents ________________ pellets • _____________ the site • Select the proper location • ________ surface • Middle one third of the ______ • ____________ inches from the base

27. Hormone Implantation • Point the instrument toward the head _______________ to the ear • Insert being careful not to hit a __________ or _______________ • Withdraw ___________, start the implant and remove • Removing too quickly can _________ the pellet

28. Hormone Implantation

29. Objective • Discuss the general principles in balancing rations

30. Balancing Rations • Balanced to meet the animal’s _________ at the least __________ • Variety of fresh feeds • More _______________ • Easier to _______________ • _____________ • Filling • Helps in digestion

31. Balancing Rations • Slightly _________________ • Improve feed efficiency • Prevent _________________ • Economical • price per pound of energy and digestible protein • Suitable • ________________ for cattle • ________________ for swine and poultry • High ________________ for younger animals

32. Objective • Interoperate the relationship between 100% dry matter basis and as-fed basis for rations

33. Feed on 100% dry matter basis Percent dry matter in feed Pounds of feed as-fed X = Dry Matter • All _________________ has been removed

34. Dry Matter 100g can of dog food As- Fed Dry Matter Protein 40% Protein 10% Protein 10g Other 15% Other 15g Other 60% Water 75g Water 75%

35. Feed on a dry matter basis Feed on an As-fed basis = Percent dry matter in feed Air Dry • Still has moisture

36. Dry Matter vs. As-fed • The weight of 100% dry matter is ____________ • No _____________ or moisture is contained • Provides an accurate indication of feed content • Feeds can vary in _______________ content

37. Dry Matter Content • 100% dry matter basis of sun cured hay is about ____________ of as-fed basis • 100% dry matter basis of most fresh pasture grasses is about ____________ of as fed basis • 100% dry matter basis of most corn (not silage) is about _________ of as-fed basis

38. Dry Matter Content • Most feed will stabilize to about _________ dry matter in air drying • Storing high moisture feed materials will cause them to ____________ or build up ____________

39. Objective • Identify the rules for feeding various kinds of livestock

40. Rules for Feeding Livestock • Beef Cattle (fattening) • __________ to ______lbs. Of air-dried roughage and _____ lbs. of concentrate per _________ lbs. of body weight Example: An 850 pound steer will need approximately: • 12.75 to 17 lbs. of roughage and • 17 lbs. concentrates • Total= 30 to 34 pounds of feed

41. Rules for Feeding Livestock • Cattle (maintenance) • mainly ________________ • air dried roughage should be ~2% body weight (1.8 dry matter) • Cows nursing calves should be fed 50% more than dry cows Example: A 1,213 pound cow should be fed about 24 pounds (1213 X .02= 24.26)

42. Rules for Feeding Livestock • Swine • depends on ________ and ________ of the animal • depends on ____________ • Pigs under _____ pounds and __________ sows need more ____________ than market hogs • Poultry • The ration is ________ of body weight

43. Pearson Square • Objective Determine the nutritional requirement from appropriate tables using the Pearson Square Method

44. Finding Nutritional Information • Called feeding standards • Metric vs. English • to convert kg to lb • multiply kg by 2.2 • a 40 kg steer will weigh 88 lbs. • ME- __________________ ____________________ intake

45. 12 Pearson Square 1) Draw a square with lines connecting opposite corners and write the percent crude protein needed at the cross

46. Corn 8.9 12 Soybean Meal 45.8 Pearson Square • Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein content in the left-hand corners • lowest at the top highest at the bottom

47. Corn 8.9 33.8 parts corn Soybean Meal 45.8 12 3.1 parts soybean meal Pearson Square Corn- 33.8 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 92% corn SBM 3.1 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 8% SBM

48. 45.8- 12= 33.8 Corn 8.9 12 12-8.9= 3.1 Soybean Meal 45.8 Pearson Square • Subtract the smallest number from the larger along the diagonal lines

49. Corn 8.9 33.8 parts corn Soybean Meal 45.8 12 3.1 parts soybean meal Pearson Square 36.9 total parts