Introduction To Computer System

1. Introduction To Computer System جامعة أم القرى قسم السنة التحضيريه اعداد: أعضاء هيئة التدريس

2. Computer Generations • First • Second • Third • Fourth

3. Computer Generations

4. The First Transistor (1948)

5. IBM 360 Computer System

6. IBM 704 Used discrete transistors

7. IBM 709 Mainframe Last of the vacuum tube computers, c. 1959

8. Digital Equipment Corp Left: DEC PDP-8, c. 1965 Right: DEC PDP-11, c. 1970

9. Computer What is the Computer ? The Computer is a set of independent physical components and devices (Hardware), which have a specific job to do for each one and working together by Software to make up the computer system. Computer perform three main operations:

10. Computer Classifications (types) • Microcomputer • Minicomputer • Mainframe • Supercomputer

11. Microcomputer • Users: One • Speed: Slow • Price: $500 - $3,000 • Size: desktop or smaller • Examples: IBM PC, Apple ][, Apple Macintosh, Imac • “personal computers”

12. Minicomputer • Users: 2 - 50 • Speed: Faster • Price: $10,000 - $250,000 • Size: file cabinet • Examples: HP 9000 DEC VAX • “departmental computers”

13. Mainframe Computer • Users: 50 + • Speed: Fast • Price: $500,000 - millions • Size: refrigerator-sized on up • Examples: IBM 3090, Unisys 2200 • company-wide (“enterprise”)

14. Supercomputer • Users: a few • Speed: very, very fast • Price: $ millions • Size: room • Examples: Cray, Fujitsu • scientific uses

15. Understand the Terms Intelligent and Dumb Terminal. An intelligent terminal, for example a PC: - Performs a lot of the processing locally You could use a PC, linked to a mainframe A dumb terminal: - Has very limited processing capabilities itself, but allows you to connect to a large powerful computer such as a mainframe. When you process your data from the dumb terminal, it is the mainframe at the other end of the network that is performing all the calculations.

16. Look inside the computer SOFTWARE HARDWARE

17. Computersare made of • HARDWARE • SOFTWARE

18. Hardware

19. Hardware The parts of computer itself (tangible objects ) including : • CPU (or Processor) and Primary memory (or Main Memory) • Input devices i.e the keyboard and mouse • Output devices • Storage devices

20. The Case (System Unit or System Cabinet)

21. Hardware • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Input units • Output units • Memory (Main or Primary Memory & Secondary or Auxiliary Memory)

22. Components of a Computer System Central Processing Unit (CPU) Data control unit (CU) Memory output units Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU) RAM Input units ROM Auxiliary Memory Information/Knowledge

23. Input Devices ... Hardware Organization CPU memory motherboard hard drive

24. Input Devices • Translate data from form that humans understand to one that the computer can work with • Most common are keyboard and mouse

25. Examples of Input Devices 1.Keyboard 2. Mouse 3. Scanner 4. Pre-storage Devise (Disk, CD’s, … etc.) 5. Optical mark recognition (Light Pin , Bar code scanners) 6. Microphone 7. Joystick .

26. Examples of Input Devices(2) 8. Point and Draw devices 9. Trackball 10. Touchpad 11. Touch screen 12. Magnetic stripes and smart cars. 13. Digital Cameras

28. Hardware Organization CPU memory hard drive غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم

29. Mother-Board (or Main Board) غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم CPU RAM ROM

30. Hardware Organization CPU memory motherboard hard drive غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم

31. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • A specific chip or the processor • a CPU's performance is determined by the rest of the computers circuitry and chips. • The Central Processing Unit (CPU) performs the actual processing of data • The speed (clock speed) of CPU measured by Hertz (MHz)

32. The CPU consists of : • Control Unit (CU) • Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) • Some Registers

33. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers

34. The Control Unit (CU) : coordinates all activities of the computer by: • Determining which operations to perform and in what order to carry them out. • The CU transmits coordinating control signals to other computer components.

35. The ALU : consists of electronic circuitry to perform: • Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) • Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and to make some comparisons (less-than, equal, … etc.)

36. Hardware Organization CPU memory motherboard hard drive غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم

37. Primary Memory • Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory): Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data, programs, and intermediate results. • Two general parts: • RAM • ROM

38. Know How Computer Memory Is Measured Bit All computers work on a binary numbering system, i.e. they process data in one's or zero's. This 1 or 0 level of storage is called a bit. Byte A byte consists of eight bits. Kilobyte A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes. Megabyte A megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes. Gigabyte A gigabyte (GB) consists of 1024 megabytes.

39. Main Memory

40. RAM (Main Memory) • its a primary storage or random access memory (RAM). • it temporarily holds data and programs for use during processing (volatile) • Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off. • RAM is the memory that the computer uses to temporarily store the information as it is being processed. The more information being processed the more RAM the computer needs. • RAM consists of locations or cells. Each cell has a unique address which distinguishes it from other cells.

41. ROM: Read Only Memory ROM is part of memory • Programmed at manufacturing time • Its contents cannot be changed by users • It is a permanent store Q: Mention some examples of ROM? A: (PROM & EPROM )

42. Other Kind of Memory • PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory. • EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory • Cache Memory • Registers: not part of the main memory. Q : Registers are part of “ …… ” ?

43. Secondary Storage • Stores data and programs permanently: its retained after the power is turned off • Examples • Hard Drive (Hard Disk) • Located outside the CPU, but most often contained in the system cabinet • Floppy Disk • Optical Laser Discs • CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD

44. KindsofDisk Drives

45. Common Secondary Media • Diskettes • Data represented as magnetic spots on removable flexible plastic disks • Most common size is 3 1/2 inches, in a rigid plastic case • Disk drive holds the diskette, reads or retrieves the data and writes or stores data

46. Common Secondary Media • Hard drive • Data is represented magnetically as with diskettes • Normally more than one rigid platter in a sealed unit • These disks are not removable • Significantly more capacity and faster operating than diskettes

47. Optical Laser Discs • CD ROM & DVD’s • Data is represented as pits and lands • Some kinds are read only (CD-ROM) and some Kinds are rewritable (CD-RW) • Significantly more capacity and faster operating thandiskettes DVD: Digital Video Disk

48. Common Secondary Media

49. Common Secondary Media • tapes • Panasonic's LS120 3.5 inch diskettes • Iomega's Zip & Jazz disks • VCR tape (Video Cassette Recorder ) • Flash USB disks • MMC (Multi Media Card ) • SD

50. Hardware Organization CPU memory hard drive غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم Output…