The Early Cold War: 1947-1970

1. The EarlyCold War:1947-1970 Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Brinkmanship The Policy of threatening to go to war as a response to enemy aggression. Put this definition on the back of your map. You want a piece of This?!?

3. Examples of Brinkmanship and the Cold War • Both the USA and the USSR wanted to avoid an all out Nuclear War. Instead of fighting directly, they paid others to fight for them, and then continued a kind of global game of “Chicken”. The following events are examples of when the two sides almost committed to total war, but then pulled back at the last minute and instead did something clever to stay in the game without losing face. • The Berlin Blockade and Airlift • The Korean War • The Cuban Missile Crisis

4. Berlin Blockade & Airlift 1948-49‏ Russians try to claim West Berlin once and for all by starving them out. Water, power are cut. Ground transport is closed. Americans fly supplies to the people of West Berlin for almost a year. Eventually Russia gives up and opens roads and utility lines again….until next time….

5. Please do not talk at this time March 5 Cold War Map- Berlin Blockade and Airlift HW: Please review 17.1 & 17.3 for Quiz on Friday. Please get your map and add the Berlin Blockade and Air Lift. • Choose a symbol to represent the Berlin Blockade and Airlift and put it on the small map of Berlin (not Germany) on your map. • In your map key (on the Left), indicate that your symbol represents the Berlin Blockade and Airlift. • On the back of this paper explain what the Berlin Blockade and Airlift was. • Put the Berlin Blockade and Airlift on the time line in 1948 - 49

6. Glossary Definition: U.S. policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism. Versions: Container • Examples: Roach Motel USA Vs. USSR- cold war • Related Words: Surround Contain Isolate Box up Eliminate- removing a piece from the playing board • My Definition: USA attempts to limit Soviet power during the Cold War and prevent other countries from becoming communist. Picture: Review Containment

7. Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956 De-Stalinization Program

8. Containment and Cuba • 1. Together read Intro to Cuban/American relations • 2. Get into groups of three. • 3. Divide the reading (person 1 does reading 1 and so on) • 4. Read your section and underline evidence of the US Containment Policy in Cuba. • 5. Share out.

9. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)‏ The confrontation began on October 14, 1962, when U.S. reconnaissance photographs taken by an American U-2 spy plane revealed missile bases being built in Cuba, in response to similar U.S. bases built at the Turkish-Soviet border. After a tense confrontation on October 28, 1962, both U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, with the intercession of U.N. Secretary-General U Thant, agreed to remove their respective nuclear missiles. This is as close as we have ever come to nuclear war.

11. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)‏

12. Cold War Map- Cuban Missile Crisis • Choose a symbol to represent the Cuban Missile Crisis and put it on Cuba on your map. • In your map key (on the Left), indicate that your symbol represents the Cuban Missile Crisis. • On the back of this paper explain what the Cuban Missile Crisis was. • Put the Cuban Missile Crisis on the time line in 1962

13. Please do not talk at this time March 6 HW: Interview someone over 36 about the Cold War. Ask them about their experiences in the 50’s, 60’s, 70, and 80’s. Ask them what they remember about the events on your map or what they thought would happen to the world. Due Tuesday • Please take out a half sheet of paper (You may share with a friend) and label it Cold War Quiz • Put your name on this paper. • Number 1 -5 of this paper. • Please remember, no notes or talking on the quiz!

14. Use the quotation to answer this question. "An iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe . . . all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow." - Winston Churchill, "The Sinews of Peace" speech, March 5, 1946 1. The quotation expresses Churchill's concern about A. the rise of two superpowers. B. ruined cities in Eastern Europe. C. the spread of communism. D. postwar economic recovery. 2. What was the underlying cause of the Cold War? A. conflicts within the UN B. Soviet resentment of U.S. military efforts during World War II C. border disputes in Europe D. competition between the United States and the Soviet Union 3. Who were most of the Vietcong? A. pro-Communist South Vietnamese B. pro-Communist North Vietnamese C. anti-Communist South Vietnamese D. anti-Communist North Vietnamese 4. During the war in Korea, what did President Truman and Douglas MacArthur disagree strongly about? A. American involvement B. the use of nuclear weapons C. whether to attempt to cross the 38th parallel D. whether China posed a threat to South Korea 5. What is the 38th Parallel

15. Please trade papers and write the words, Corrected By: and then your name at the bottom of the page.

16. Quiz Answers! 1. C. the spread of communism. 2. D. competition between the United States and the Soviet Union 3. A. pro-Communist South Vietnamese 4. B. the use of nuclear weapons 5. The line dividing North and South Korea

17. Mao’s Communist Revolution: 1949 China Becomes Communist in spite of Western intervention

18. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)‏ If Korea becomes Communist, who else will follow? If all the world becomes Communist, who will America trade with? After WWII Korea was split (along the 38th parallel), just like Berlin and Germany between the US and the USSR. North Korea invaded South Korea to unify their nation with Russian support. Americans (as a Member of the UN) get involved to stop the advancement of Communism. They push the N. Koreans far back into N. Korea. This brings in the Chinese who do not want Capitalist neighbours After countless deaths and destruction, the two sides leave where they started, Communists in the North and Capitalists in the South. The country is still divided along the 38th parallel. China 38th Parallel "Domino Theory"

19. Propaganda- an advertisement that attempts to spread ideas or promote a cause Cold War Propaganda was mostly about controlling information. Governments only wanted their people to know certain things about what was going on in the war. They also wanted to make sure they had public support, so they tried to guarantee victories for every contest, or at least tried to scare people into wanting to continue the fight. PropagandaAdd Propaganda to the Back of your Cold War Map

20. Propaganda

22. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Maintaining Communism, especially when it wasn’t working well, was all about controlling communications. Soviet citizens wouldn’t rebel to seek a Different life if they didn’t know that life could be different. Radio Free Europe was an attempt to communicate with the people of Russia. It broadcast western music and propaganda to Russia, bearing the message of the West: “Democracy and Capitalism are Better…”

23. Get out a half sheet of paper (you can share with a friend) and label it Propaganda. As you listen to the song Russians by Sting, think about the message he is trying to give. Is this Propaganda or Anti Propaganda? Explain.

24. Please do not talk at this time March 9 HW: Cold War Interviews! Interview someone over 36! Write down your answers! Please put this definition the back of your mapProxy Wars (AKA Surrogate War)-a war started by a major power that does not itself participate directly.The super power does not send its own troops, but may supply support in terms of weapons, money, training and intelligence

25. Think of two Mafia bosses... Don Corleone They want to fight each other to see who is the Top Gangster of the USA! Tony Soprano However, an all out war between two such powerful men might destroy both of them, and a large number of innocent bystanders as well. The police and the Government would get involved. No one would win.

26. They both have top supporters... But these bosses don't want to send their top people to do the dirty work. They are too Valuable. They might get killed. Then everyone, the police, the media, and so on, would know the Bosses were involved. The Bosses would have to commit totally to the war, and they would have to fight it publicly. That limits what they can do.

27. So, they both hire Hit-men instead... These Mafia Bosses don't know these men. They don't care what happens to them. Sure, they give them weapons, ammunition, money for expenses, maybe even let them practice on their shooting range, but at the end of the day, these men are expendable. If they succeed, great. If they die trying, its not a big deal. Plus, since no one knows the Bosses know these men, the Bosses stay out of it. There is no Media frenzy, no news supports to link them to assassinations. They can do sneakier things.

28. So, what is in it for the Hit-men? Well, they get Money, Weapons, Information, Training, and they can use all of those things for themselves, and their own interests after or while doing the work of the Bosses. They are independent contractors. They do their job and then they do what they want.

29. The Proxy Wars of the Cold War are like this example: The USA and the USSR are the Mafia Bosses. They can't fight each other directly without blowing up the world. Their top supporters are their allies, NATO, and the Warsaw Pact Countries. These groups can't get involved without turning the fight into a well publicized World War III (Also a no win situation)‏ The Hit men are the groups fighting in the politically unstable countries of the world, like the North and South Koreans in Korea, the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese in Vietnam and Sandinistas and the Contras in Nicaragua. These groups get money, information, weapons, training and support from the USA or the USSR. In exchange they promote Capitalism or Communism in their countries. But they also use the resources they get to fight for what they want, revolution, independence, and so on....

30. It is important to note... The USSR and the USA do give Weapons, Money, Training, Information, and so on... But they don't give: The BEST Weapons (no one was handing out Nukes!) A Lot of Money (just enough to keep things going...) The Best Training (We don't want these people to beat us at our own game later...) ALL the Information (We leave a lot out. We don't want our secrets to become public)

31. Examples of Surrogate Wars and the Cold War • The USA and USSR never actually went to war with each other. Instead, They often fought each other by supporting the enemies of the other side. The superpowers sometimes clashed in the most bizarre ways, such as the World Chess Championships! Mostly they looked for unstable governments and tried to give enough support to make their favourite side win. • The Vietnam War • Civil War in Nicaragua • Revolution in Afghanistan Map Instructions: For each event find Vietnam, Nicaragua and Afghanistan on your Cold War Map and choose a symbol to represent each conflict. Label your symbol and place each event on the timeline on the front, then write your definition on the back of your map.

32. Vietnam War: 1965-1973 Americans followed a policy of Containment and sided with the South Vietnamese to promote Capitalism and stop the spread of Communism. Unfortunately, the People of Vietnam wished to be Communist. They fought a dirty, guerrilla style war against superior technology and numbers, but they won because the American people turned against the failed war, the suicide missions and the determination of the Vietnamese.

33. Civil War in Nicaragua (1979)‏ Americans supported the unpopular dictator Samoza. When Communist Sandinista leader Ortega took control of Nicaragua with Russian support, Americans funded the Anti Communist Contras to fight him in Nicaragua and other communists in El Salvador. Because of Foreign support, this war raged for 10 years killing thousands and ruining the Nicaraguan economy.

34. Revolution in Afghanistan 1979 - 1996 Soviets back a communist military coup that seizes the government of Afghanistan. Americans give weapons and aid to the Mujahedeen forces(Islamist peasants who opposed the non religious people in power) challenging the Soviet backed government. The Soviets step up involvement and eventually invade when the Afghani leader, President Takari, begins a reign of terror. Meanwhile, Americans channel more and more aid through Pakistan (secretly) and demand the Soviets stop their involvement at the UN (publicly). With both sides of the Conflict well armed by the USA and USSR respectively, Afghanistan falls into civil war. The Russians, experiencing their own Vietnam, pull out Civil war and infighting between extremist factions continued until the Mujahedeen’s Taliban seized power in 1996.

35. Please speak quietly to a partner nearby March 10 Share the results of your interview with a partner nearby.What did you find interesting or surprising about what the person you interviewed said?Choose one thing between what you and your partner found out to share with the class. HW: Cold War Events Homework. See Handout. Due Thursday.

36. Espionage Knife The Spy Wars between Russia and the US were legendary. Both countries tried desperately to steal each others secrets and keep their own. Failing that, they worked to spread misinformation. For example, the Russians invented the MIG-29 high altitude fighter jet to shoot down an American High Altitude spy plane that the Americans never actually built. Gun Gun Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed as Traitors for selling atomic secrets to the Soviets

37. U-2 Spy Incident (1960)‏ Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace. He was violating a treaty Americans had signed to respect Soviet airspace. He failed to commit suicide to the great embarrassment of the US.

38. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)‏ Russians seek to stop the emigration of citizens to the West through West Berlin’s Airports They build a wall around West Berlin and kill anyone who tries to cross. CheckpointCharlie

40. The wall goes up in the middle of the night. People get trapped on one side or the other, away from friends and family. For the next three decades, people try to escape. Its easy at the beginning, but later requires more and more patience, time, and genius.

43. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963)‏ President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them! (Or that he is a Jelly Donut. Kind of both…)‏

45. Berlin Wall • Choose a symbol to represent the Berlin Wall and put it on the small map of Berlin (not Germany) on your map. • In your map key (on the Left), indicate that your symbol represents the Berlin Wall. • On the back of this paper explain what the Berlin Wall was. • Put the Berlin Wall on the timeline from 1961 – 1989.