Pragmatics, timeline and major players 语用学：历史线条与主要代表

1. Pragmatics, timeline and major players语用学：历史线条与主要代表 Shaozhong Liu, Ph.D. (Pragmatics) / Ph.D. (Higher Education) School of Foreign Studies, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Homepage: www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu Blog: cyrusliu.blog.163.com Email: shaozhong@hotmail.com Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

2. Teaching Plan • Objectives 1) To familiarize students with the big picture of pragmatics so that they know who are there and where they are. 2) To impress students with a vertical knowledge of the field so that they know the most recent developments. 2) To create a sense of urgency so that students know what to do in the days to come. • Content 1) Timeline 2) Most influential names 3) Most influential works / projects 4) Current status / enterprises, if possible. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

3. Strategies 1) lecture 2) Pictures 3) Scripts 4) Video-clips 5) Discussions 6) Assignment Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

4. Timeline of pragmatics • As a word, pragmatics appeared 2000 years ago. Back there, it was spelt as pragmaticus in Greek and pragmaticos in Latin. • As a term, it was initially employed by Charles William Morris. In 1938, this American professor of philosophy published an article entitled The Foundations of the Theory of Signs. This is often referred to as the modern use of the word pragmatics. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

5. There have been several boosters to elevate pragmatics towards an independent discipline. These include, among other things, John Austin’s William James Lectures at Harvard University in 1955. In 1962, his lectures sheets were collected and reprinted as a pamphlet entitled How to Do Things with Words. John Searle, professor of philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley, continued Austin’s discussion and published Speech Acts (1969) and Indirect Speech Acts (1975). Herbert Paul Grice who gave a serial of speeches at the William James Lectures at Harvard University in 1967 about “Logic and Conversation” (which appeared in 1975) was also one of the pioneers that help boost the development of pragmatics. • Pragmatics was established as an independent discipline with the publishing of the Journal of Pragmatics co-edited by HartmutHaberland and Jacob L. Mey in 1977. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

6. Afterward reinforcers or events that helped to strengthen pragmatics as a branch of linguistics include: • Stephen Levinson’s Pragmatics (1983); • Geoffrey Leech’s Principles of Pragmatics (1983); • the publishing of the International Pragmatics Association’s (IPrA) official organs Pragmatics, and Pragmatics and Beyond, under the care of its General Secretary JefVerschueren; • Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson’s Relevance: Cognition and Communication (1986, 1995); • JefVerschueren’sPragmatics as a Theory of Linguistic Adaptation (1987); • Georgia M. Green’s Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding (1989); • ShoshanaBlum-Kulka and Juliane House’s Cross-cultural Pragmatics (1989); Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

7. Steven Davis’s Pragmatics: A Reader (1991); • Gabriele Kasper, S. Blum-Kulka & J. House’s Interlanguage Pragmatics (1992); • Jacob Mey’sPragmatics: An Introduction (1993); • Jenny Thomas’s Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics (1995); • George Yule’s Pragmatics (1996); and • JefVerschueren’sUnderstanding Pragmatics (2002). Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

8. 1930s • As a term, it was initially employed by Charles William Morris. In 1938, this American professor of philosophy published an article entitled The Foundations of the Theory of Signs. This is often referred to as the modern use of the word pragmatics. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

9. "Pragmatics" was defined by Charles W. Morris (1938) as the branch of semiotics that studies the relation of signs to interpreters, in contrast with semantics, which studies the relation of signs to designata. In practice, it has often been treated as a repository for any aspect of utterance meaning beyond the scope of existing semantic machinery, as in the slogan "Pragmatics = meaning minus truth conditions" (Gazdar 1979). There has been some doubt about whether it is a homogeneous domain (Searle, Kiefer, and Bierwisch 1980). Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

10. Charles William Morrishttp://morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/imagesmorris.html Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

11. Charles W. Morris (May 23, 1901, Denver, Colorado – January 15, 1979, Gainesville, Florida) was an American semiotician and philosopher. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

12. Background • A son of Charles William and Laura (Campbell) Morris, Charles William Morris was born on May 23, 1901. Having briefly attended the University of Wisconsin, Morris studied engineering and psychology at Northwestern University, where he graduated with a B.S. in 1922. Later that same year, he entered the University of Chicago where he became a doctoral student in philosophy under the direction of George Herbert Mead. Morris completed his dissertation on a symbolic theory of mind and received a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1925. In the same year he married Gertrude E. Thompson, with whom he had a daughter, Sally Morris Petrilli. In 1951 he married his second wife, Ellen Ruth Allen (a psychologist). After his graduation, Morris turned to teaching, first at Rice University, and later at the University of Chicago. In 1958 he became Research Professor at the University of Florida. His students included semioticianThomas A. Sebeok. In 1937 Morris presided over the Western Division of the American Philosophical Association, and was Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Charles William Morris died on January 15, 1979 in Gainesville, Florida. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

13. Teaching and the Unity of Science Movement • Morris was an instructor of philosophy for six years between 1925-1931 at Rice University in Houston, Texas.[1] After leaving Rice, he was associate professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago from 1931-1947. Morris became a lecturing professor at Chicago in 1948, occupying the position until 1958 when he received an offer for a special appointment as a Research Professor at the University of Florida, where he remained until his death. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

14. During his time at Rice University, Morris wrote and defended his philosophical perspective known as neo-pragmatism. He also worked on and published Six Theories of Mind.[2] At the end of his term at Rice, Morris returned to the University of Chicago. In the early 1930s, the University of Chicago's philosophy department was unstable, but in the midst of change and difficult economic times, Morris felt that philosophy would serve as a torch that would light the way to saving world civilization.[2]Morris had hoped to create an institute of philosophy at the University of Chicago, but his efforts to convince the university president of such a venture were unsuccessful. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

15. While on sabbatical from the University of Chicago in 1934, Morris traveled abroad, visiting Europe and meeting working philosophers such as Bertrand Russell and members of the Vienna Circle like Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, and Moritz Schlick. Morris was greatly impressed with the logical positivist (logical empiricist) movement. While presenting a paper in Prague at the Eighth International Congress of Philosophy, he discussed his hopes for a union of pragmatism and positivism.[2] Sympathetic to the positivist's philosophical project, Morris became the number one American advocate for the "Unity of Science Movement" led by Otto Neurath. During the 1930s, Morris helped several German and Austrian philosophers emigrate to the United States, including Rudolf Carnap in 1936. As a part of the "Unity of Science Movement," Morris worked closely with Neurath and Carnap to produce the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. As co-editor of the Encyclopedia, Morris procured publication in America from the University of Chicago Press. His involvement with the Encyclopedia spanned for ten years when the project lost momentum in 1943.[2] Both Morris and Carnap found it difficult to keep the Encyclopedia alive due to insufficient funds. In the latter part of the 1940s, Morris was finally able to secure funding that allowed the project to last until its final publication in the 1970s. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

16. Morris and semiotics • Morris's development of a behavioral theory of signs (semiotics) is partly due to his desire to unify logical positivism with behavioral empiricism and pragmatism.[3] Morris's union of these three philosophical perspectives eventuated in his claim that symbols have three types of relations: • to objects, • to persons , and • to other symbols. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

17. He later called these relations "semantics", "pragmatics", and "syntactics".[3] Viewing semiotics as a way to bridge philosophical outlooks, Morris grounded his sign theory in Mead's social behaviorism. In fact, Morris's interpretation of an interpretant, a term used in the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce, has been understood to be strictly psychological.[4] Morris's system of signs emphasizes the role of stimulus and response in the orientation, manipulation, and consummation phases of action. His mature semiotic theory is traced out in Signs, Language, and Behavior. Morris's semiotic is concerned with explaining the tri-relation between syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics in a dyadic way, which is very different from the semiotics of C.S. Peirce. This caused some to argue that Morris misinterpreted Peirce by converting the interpretant into a logically existent thing.[4] Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

18. Morris Collection at the Institute for American Thought at IUPUI • Toward the end of his life in 1976, Morris sent two installments of his work to the Institute for American Thought (IAT) at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Three years later in 1979, Morris's daughter, Sally Petrilli, arranged to have additional installments of his work sent to IUPUI. In 1984 Italian philosopher Ferruccio Rossi-Landi added to the Morris collection at IUPUI by sending his correspondence with Charles W. Morris. Among the vast Morris collection at the IAT are 381 titles of books and journal articles regarding pragmatism, logical empiricism, poetry, ethics, and Asian studies. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

19. References • American philosophy • List of American philosophers • ^Reisch, George A. “Morris, Charles William (1901-79)”. Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers Vol. 3. Ed. Shook. England. Thoemmes. 2005. • ^ abcdReisch, George A. Guide to the Charles W. Morris Collection at the Peirce Edition Project, IUPUI. Created for the Indiana Scholarly Editions Consortium. Unpublished manuscript. 2001. • ^ ab Posner, Roland. “Charles Morris and the Behavioral Foundations of Semiotics.” Classics of Semiotics. Ed. Krampen. Plemun Press. New York: 1987. pp. 25. • ^ ab Dewey, John. “Peirce's Theory of Linguistic Signs, Thought, and Meaning.” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Feb. 14, 1946), pp.85-95. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

20. Bibliography of Charles W. Morris • Institute for American Thought Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

21. 1940s • Yehoshua Bar-Hillel • Rudolph Carnap Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

22. YehoshuaBar-Hillel • Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (Hebrew: יהושע בר-הלל‎; 1915 in Vienna – 1975 in Jerusalem) was an Israeliphilosopher, mathematician, and linguist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, best known for his pioneering work in machine translation and formal linguistics. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

23. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

24. Biography • Born Oscar Westreich, he was raised in Berlin. In 1933 he emigrated to Palestine with the BneiAkiva youth movement, and briefly joined the kibbutzTiratZvi before settling in Jerusalem and marrying Shulamith. • During World War II, he served in the Jewish Brigade of the British Army. He fought with the Haganah during the Israeli War of Independence, losing an eye. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

25. Bar-Hillel received his PhD in Philosophy from the Hebrew University where he also studied mathematics under Abraham Fraenkel, with whom he eventually coauthored Foundations of Set Theory (1958, 1973). • Bar-Hillel was a major disciple of Rudolf Carnap, whose Logical Syntax of Language much influenced him. He began a correspondence with Carnap in the 1940s, which led to a 1950 postdoc under Carnap at the University of Chicago, and to his collaborating on Carnap's 1952 An Outline of the Theory of Semantic Information. • Bar-Hillel then took up a position at MIT, leaving in 1953 just before Noam Chomsky's arrival. At MIT, Bar-Hillel was the first academic to work full-time in the field of Machine Translation; he organised the first International Conference on Machine Translation in 1952. Later he expressed doubts that general-purpose fully automatic high-quality machine translation would ever be feasible.[1][2] He was also a pioneer in the field of information retrieval. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

26. In 1953, Bar-Hillel joined the philosophy department at the Hebrew University, where he taught until his untimely death at age 60. His teachings and writings strongly influenced an entire generation of Israeli philosophers and linguists, including AsaKasher and AvishaiMargalit. In 1953, he founded a pioneering algebraic-computational linguistic group, and in 1961 he contributed to the proof of the pumping lemma for context-free languages (sometimes called the Bar-Hillel lemma). Bar-Hillel helped found the Hebrew University's department of Philosophy of Science. From 1966 to 1968 Bar-Hillel presided over the International Association of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

27. Bar-Hillel's daughter Maya Bar-Hillel is a cognitive psychologist at the Hebrew University, known for her collaborations with Amos Tversky and for her role in critiquing Bible code study. His other daughter, Mira Bar-Hillel, is the property and planning correspondent for the London Evening Standard. His granddaughter, Gili Bar-Hillel, is the Hebrew translator of the Harry Potter series. • Related terms • Categorial grammar • Indexical expression Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

28. Selected bibliography • 1954 - Indexical Expressions, in: Mind, Vol. 63, Pp. 359–379. • 1958 - (with Abraham Fraenkel) Foundations of Set Theory. 2nd ed. (also with Azriel Levy and Dirk van Dalen), 1973. • 1964 - Language and Information • 1970 - Aspects of Language: Essays and Lectures on Philosophy of Language, Linguistic Philosophy and Methodology of Linguistics • 1972 - Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (Editor) • 1975 - Pragmatics of Natural Languages (Editor) Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

29. YehoshuaBar-Hillel: Out of the Pragmatic Wastebasket. Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer, 1971), pp. 401-407. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

30. Links • "Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: A Philosopher's Contribution to Machine Translation" • "Bar-Hillel and Machine Translation: Then and Now." • Bar-Hillel Colloquium. • Translation Trouble: Time Magazine article from 1954. • Categories: 1915 births | 1975 deaths | Austrian Jews | Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni | Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty | Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine | Israeli Jews | Israeli linguists | Israeli philosophers | Jewish philosophers | Philosophers of language | Mathematical logicians | Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

31. Rudolph Carnap Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

32. Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

33. Life and work Carnap was born to a west German family that had been humble until his parents' generation. He began his formal education at the BarmenGymnasium. From 1910 to 1914, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. But he also studied carefully Kant's Critique of Pure Reason during a course taught by Bruno Bauch, and was one of very few students to attend GottlobFrege's courses in mathematical logic. After serving in the German army during World War I for three years, he was given permission to study physics at the University of Berlin, 1917–18, where Albert Einstein was a newly appointed professor. Carnap then attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a thesis defining an axiomatic theory of space and time. The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. Carnap then wrote another thesis, with Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space in a more orthodox Kantian style, and published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue of Kant-Studien (1922). In it he makes the clear distinction between formal,physical and perceptual (e.g., visual) spaces. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

34. In 1921, Carnap wrote a letter to Bertrand Russell, who responded by copying by hand long passages from his Principia Mathematica for Carnap's benefit, as neither Carnap nor Freiburg could afford a copy of this epochal work. In 1924 and 1925, he attended seminars led by Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, and continued to write on physics from a logical positivist perspective. • Carnap discovered a kindred spirit when he met Hans Reichenbach at a 1923 conference. Reichenbach introduced Carnap to Moritz Schlick, a professor at the University of Vienna who offered Carnap a position in his department, which Carnap accepted in 1926. Carnap thereupon joined an informal group of Viennese intellectuals that came to be known as the Vienna Circle, directed largely by Moritz Schlick and including Hans Hahn, Friedrich Waismann, Otto Neurath, and Herbert Feigl, with occasional visits by Hahn's student Kurt Gödel. When Wittgenstein visited Vienna, Carnap would meet with him. He (with Hahn and Neurath) wrote the 1929 manifesto of the Circle, and (with Hans Reichenbach) initiated the philosophy journal Erkenntnis. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

35. In 1928, Carnap published two important books: • The Logical Structure of the World (German: "Der logischeAufbau der Welt"), in which he developed a rigorous formal version of empiricism, defining all scientific terms in phenomenalistic terms. The formal system of the Aufbau (as the work is commonly termed) was grounded in a single primitive dyadic predicate, which is satisfied if "two" individuals "resemble" each other. The Aufbau was greatly influenced by Principia Mathematica, and warrants comparison with the mereotopological metaphysics A. N. Whitehead developed over 1916-29. It appears, however, that Carnap soon became somewhat disenchanted with this book. In particular, he did not authorize an English translation until 1967. • Pseudoproblems in Philosophy asserted that many philosophical questions were meaningless, i.e., the way they were posed amounted to an abuse of language. An operational implication of this opinion was taken to be the elimination of metaphysics from responsible human discourse. This is the statement for which Carnap was best known for many years. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

36. In February 1930 Tarski lectured in Vienna, and during November 1930 Carnap visited Warsaw. On these occasions he learned much about Tarski'smodel theoretic method of semantics. In 1931, Carnap was appointed Professor at the German language University of Prague. There he wrote the book that was to make him the most famous logical positivist and member of the Vienna Circle, his Logical Syntax of Language (Carnap 1934). In this work, Carnap advanced his Principle of Tolerance, according to which there is not any such thing as a "true" or "correct" logic or language. One is free to adopt whatever form of language is useful for one's purposes. In 1933, W. V. Quine met Carnap in Prague and discussed the latter's work at some length. Thus began the lifelong mutual respect these two men shared, one that survived Quine's eventual forceful disagreements with a number of Carnap's philosophical conclusions. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

37. Carnap, whose socialist and pacifist beliefs made him at risk in Nazi Germany, emigrated to the United States in 1935 and became a naturalized citizen in 1941. Meanwhile back in Vienna, Moritz Schlick was murdered in 1936. From 1936 to 1952, Carnap was a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago. Thanks partly to Quine's help, Carnap spent the years 1939-41 at Harvard, where he was reunited with Tarski. Carnap (1963) later expressed some irritation about his time at Chicago, where he and Charles W. Morris were the only members of the department committed to the primacy of science and logic. (Their Chicago colleagues included Richard McKeon, Mortimer Adler, Charles Hartshorne, and Manley Thompson.) Carnap's years at Chicago were nonetheless very productive ones. He wrote books on semantics (Carnap 1942, 1943, 1956), modal logic, being very similar in Carnap (1956) to the now-standard possible worlds semantics for that logic Saul Kripke proposed starting in 1959, and on the philosophical foundations of probability and induction (Carnap 1950, 1952). Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

38. After a stint at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, he joined the philosophy department at UCLA in 1954, Hans Reichenbach having died the previous year. He had earlier refused an offer of a similar job at the University of California, because accepting that position required that he sign a loyalty oath, a practice to which he was opposed on principle. While at UCLA, he wrote on scientific knowledge, the analytic - synthetic dichotomy, and the verification principle. His writings on thermodynamics and on the foundations of probability and induction, were published posthumously as Carnap (1971, 1977, 1980). Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

39. Carnap taught himself Esperanto when he was a mere fourteen years of age, and remained very sympathetic to it (Carnap 1963). He later attended the World Congress of Esperanto in 1908 and 1922, and employed the language while traveling. • Carnap had four children by his first marriage, which ended in divorce in 1929. His second wife committed suicide in 1964. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

40. Logical Syntax • Carnap'sLogical Syntax of Language can be regarded as a response to Wittgenstein 's Tractatus. • Carnap elaborated and extended the concept of logical syntax proposed by Wittgenstein in the Tractatus (Section 3.325). • 3.325. In order to avoid such errors we must make use of a sign-language that excludes them by not using the same sign for different symbols and by not using in a superficially similar way signs that have different modes of signification: that is to say, a sign-language that is governed by logical grammar—by logical syntax. ...... • — Wittgenstein , Section 3.325, Tractatus Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

41. However, Wittgenstein stated that propositions cannot represent logical form. • 4.121. Propositions cannot represent logical form: it is mirrored in them. What finds its reflection in language, language cannot represent. What expresses itself in language, we cannot express by means of language. Propositions show the logical form of reality. They display it. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

42. Carnap disagreed. Wittgenstein proposed the idea of logical syntax. It is Carnap who designed, formulated and implemented the details of logical syntax in philosophical analysis. Carnap defined logical syntax as: • By the logical syntax of a language, we mean the formal theory of the linguistic forms of that language -- the systematic statement of the formal rules which govern it together with the development of the consequences which follow from these rules. A theory, a rule, a definition, or the like is to be called formal when no reference is made in it either to the meaning of the symbols (for examples, the words) or to the sense of the expressions (e.g. the sentences), but simply and solely to the kinds and order of the symbols from which the expressions are constructed. • — Carnap , Page 1, Logical Syntax of Language • In the U.S, the concept of logical syntax helped the development of natural language processing and compiler design (the Parrot virtual machine and LLVM). Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

43. The purpose of logical syntax • The purpose of logical syntax is to provide a system of concepts, a language, by the help of which the results of logical analysis will be exactly formulable. • Carnap stated : • Philosophy is to be replaced by the logic of science -- that is to say, by the logical analysis of the concepts and sentences of the sciences, for the logic of science is nothing other than the logical syntax of the language of science. • — Carnap , Foreword, Logical Syntax of Language • ......According to this view, the sentences of metaphysics are pseudo-sentences which on logical analysis are proved to be either empty phrases or phrases which violate the rules of syntax. Of the so-called philosophical problems, the only questions which have any meaning are those of the logic of science. To share this view is to substitute logical syntax for philosophy. • — Carnap , Page 8, Logical Syntax of Language • Carnap wanted only to end metaphysics but not philosophy. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

44. The Rejection of Metaphysics • Carnap, in his book Philosophy and Logical Syntax, used the concept of verifiability to reject metaphysics. • The function of logical analysis • Carnap used the method of logical analysis to reject metaphysics. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

45. The function of logical analysis is to analyse all knowledge, all assertions of science and of everyday life, in order to make clear the sense of each such assertion and the connections between them. One of the principal tasks of the logical analysis of a given proposition is to find out the method of verification for that proposition. — Carnap , P. 9-10 , Philosophy and Logical Syntax Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

46. Selected bibliography • 1922. Der Raum: EinBeitragzurWissenschaftslehre, Kant-Studien, Ergänzungshefte, no. 56. His Ph.D. thesis. • 1926. PhysikalischeBegriffsbildung. Karlsruhe: Braun. • 1928. Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie (Pseudoproblems of Philosophy). Berlin: Weltkreis-Verlag. • 1928. Der LogischeAufbau der Welt. Leipzig: Felix MeinerVerlag. English translation by Rolf A. George, 1967. The Logical Structure of the World. Pseudoproblems in Philosophy. University of California Press. • 1929. Abriss der Logistik, mitbesondererBerücksichtigung der Relationstheorie und ihrerAnwendungen. Springer. • 1934. Logische Syntax der Sprache. English translation 1937, The Logical Syntax of Language. Kegan Paul. • 1996 (1935). Philosophy and Logical Syntax. Bristol UK: Thoemmes. Excerpt. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

47. 1939, Foundations of Logic and Mathematics in International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Vol. I, no. 3. University of Chicago Press. • 1942. Introduction to Semantics. Harvard Uni. Press. • 1942. Introduction to Semantics. Harvard Uni. Press. • 1943. Formalization of Logic. Harvard Uni. Press. • 1956 (1947). Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics and Modal Logic. University of Chicago Press. • 1950. Logical Foundations of Probability. University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-15 online. • 1950. "Empiricism, Semantics, Ontology", Revue Internationale de Philosophie 4: 20-40. • 1952. The Continuum of Inductive Methods. University of Chicago Press. • 1958. Introduction to Symbolic Logic with Applications. Dover. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

48. 1963, "Intellectual Autobiography" in Schilpp (1963: 1-84). • 1966. Philosophical Foundations of Physics. Martin Gardner, ed. Basic Books. Online excerpt. • 1971. Studies in inductive logic and probability, Vol. 1. University of California Press. • 1977. Two essays on entropy. Shimony, Abner, ed. University of California Press. • 1980. Studies in inductive logic and probability, Vol. 2. Jeffrey, R. C., ed. University of California Press. • 2000. UntersuchungenzurAllgemeinenAxiomatik. Edited from unpublished manuscript by T. Bonk and J. Mosterín. Darmstadt: WissenschftlicheBuchgesellschaft. 167 pp. ISBN 3-534-14298-5. • Online bibliography. Under construction, with no entries dated later than 1937. • A more complete list of publications. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

49. 1950s • John Austin’s 1955 William Lectures at Harvard Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013

50. William James Lectures • The William James Lectures are a series of invited lectureships at Harvard University sponsored by the Departments of Philosophy and Psychology, who alternate in the selection of speakers. The series was created in honor of the American Pragmatist philosopher William James, a former faculty member at that institution. It was endowed through a 1929 bequest from Edgar Pierce, a Harvard Alumnus, who also funded the prestigious Edgar Pierce Chair in Philosophy and Psychology. Pierce stipulated that the delivered lectures be open to the public and subsequently published by the Harvard University Press.[1] The program was initiated in 1930 and has continued to the present. Its invited lecturers have included some of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. In some cases, the selection of lecturer has generated considerable controversy.[2][3] The next lectures will be given in 2012 by Ned Block. Essentials in Pragmatics, Spring 2013