1. Plant Structure and Function - Leaves Objectives of today’s class: Learn the typical structure of plant leaves Develop an understanding of how these structures support photosynthesis in the leaf

2. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis can be described in this series of coupled reactions: ADP & NADP H2O (CH2O) Light Chlorophyll ATP & NADPH O2 CO2 & H2O CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTION

3. Design features for a leaf • Exposed to sunlight • Large surface area • Capable of exchanging gases • CO2 in, O2 out • Import minerals and water • Not obtained from atmosphere • Export fixed carbon to “sinks” • Control water loss • Resist biotic and abiotic stresses

4. A “typical” leaf stem axil with axillary bud leaf blade internode node petiole

5. The leaf blade Broad expanded part of the leaf frequently has the following characteristics: • Large surface area • Thin with a small distance between upper and lower surfaces

7. The leaf blade These anatomical features: • Maximize the surface area while minimizing volume • Reduce the distance that gases must diffuse through the leaf Leaf structure varies to allow plants to survive and grow under diverse conditions.

9. Leaf tissues - epidermis • Epidermis • epi - upon • dermis - skin • The outer layer of cells • Comprised of a number of different cell types

10. Leaf tissues - epidermis • Cell types of the epidermis • Epidermal cells • Most abundant, arranged in a number of ways

11. Leaf epidermis • Epidermal cells usually lack chloroplasts • Epidermis is also covered by a waxy cuticle • Secreted from epidermal cells • Impermeable to water

12. Leaf epidermis • There are other specialized cells in the epidermis • Guard cells, forming stomata • Trichomes, leaf hairs

13. Stomata and Guard Cells • Stomata are pores in the epidermis that lead to intercellular spaces in the leaf (from the Greek “stoma”, meaning mouth) • Found on both upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, more prevalent on bottom • Formed by specialized guard cells

14. Stomata and Guard Cells • Crescent shaped cells • Inner wall is thickened • When guard cells are turgid, stomata are open; pores close when cells are not turgid

15. Stomata and Guard Cells • Guard cells regulate gas exchange and water loss from the leaf • Guard cells open and close depending on environmental and developmental signals

16. Why are stomata important for photosynthesis? • Photosynthesis requires efficient gas exchange through stomata • Interior of the leaf is moist, so a large amount of water is lost through stomata • >90% of water loss occurs via stomata • Cuticle is impermeable to water • When plants cannot get enough water, stomata close to preserve water at the expense of photosynthesis

17. Why are stomata important for photosynthesis? • Plants using C3 photosynthesis open stomata during the day, close them at night • Some plants have a mechanism that allows them to fix CO2 at night (stomata open) in order to minimize water loss during the day - CAM plants

18. Other specialized epidermal cells Trichomes and glands • Cellular protrusions from epidermis • These have a variety of forms and serve a number of protective functions • Stinging hairs can prevent predation, e.g. on nettles

19. Other specialized epidermal cells Trichomes and glands • Globular trichomes release compounds that are toxic to insects • Secretory hairs allow plants to secrete compounds

20. Mesophyll Tissue • Occupies most of the internal tissue of the leaf • Comprised of two cell types • Palisade parenchyma cells • Spongy parenchyma cells

21. Mesophyll Tissue • Palisade parenchyma cells • Elongated cells • One to three cell layers thick • Contain many chloroplasts • Primary site for photosynthesis

22. Mesophyll Tissue • Spongy parenchyma cells • More randomly arranged • Air spaces between cells • Fewer chloroplasts

23. Mesophyll Tissue • Mesophyll tissue is designed for: • Interception of light energy • Fixation of CO2 • Exchange of gases

24. Vascular tissue • Visible as veins distributed throughout the leaf • Required for transport of material to and from the leaf • Water and nutrients in, photosynthetic products out

25. Monocot vs. Dicot Leaf Veins

26. Vascular tissue • Organized as bundles containing xylem and phloem

27. Vascular tissue • Xylem • Distribution of water and minerals transported from root • Phloem • Transport of fixed carbon compounds from the leaf to the rest of the plant

28. Leaf morphology and arrangement • Leaf morphology varies between species • A stable characteristic that can be used for plant identification Simple leaves • Single leaf blade at each node

29. Compound leaves • Multiple leaflets

30. Leaf morphology and arrangement Other characteristics used to describe leaves include: • How they are attached to the stem • Shape of leaves • Leaf margin

32. Leaf Modifications Leaves can be modified to serve other functions: • The scales of many bulbs (e.g. daffodil) are leaves that serve as storage tissue • Tendrils (on pea, morning glory, etc.) are modified leaves that allow plants to vine • Spines or thorns on some plants are modified forms of leaves that protect the plant from predation

33. Leaf Modifications Leaves can be modified to serve other functions

34. Epidermal Guard cells Hair cells Palisade Spongy Xylem Phloem Sclerenchyma Organ Tissue Cell Type Epidermis Leaf Mesophyll Vascular System