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Groundwater & Climate

71% of Earth is covered by water 97% of water is salt water 2.8% is fresh water 2.2% is in glaciers 0.6% is actually available for use. Groundwater & Climate. I. Water Cycle. Constant circulation of water from ground to atmosphere and back Sun provides the energy needed

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Groundwater & Climate

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  1. 71% of Earth is covered by water 97% of water is salt water 2.8% is fresh water 2.2% is in glaciers 0.6% is actually available for use Groundwater & Climate

  2. I. Water Cycle • Constant circulation of water from ground to atmosphere and back • Sun provides the energy needed • Evapotranspiration • Process that gets water into atmosphere • Evaporation – changing from liquid to gas (ocean is largest source of water) • Transpiration – process plants use to put water into atmosphere

  3. I. Water Cycle • Where rain goes: • Evaporation • Infiltration – water moving into ground • Depends on • Amount of water in soil • If soil is full = no water going in = runoff • Slope of land • Gentle slope = infiltration, Steep = runoff

  4. I. Water Cycle • Runoff • Water flowing over the surface • Rainfall rate is > infiltration rate • Soil is saturated – pores filled with water • Slope of surface is too great to allow time for infiltration • Ground cover slows run-off and increases infiltration • No infiltration occurs in frozen soil = runoff

  5. Precipitation Condensation Condensation Transpiration Evaporation Run-off Infiltration Ocean/Water Table

  6. II. Terms • Porosity • Amount of empty space in soil • Permeability • How fast water moves into the soil • Capillary Water • Water that is retained by sticking to soil particles • Thin coating of water around soil in zone of aeration

  7. II. Terms • Capillary Action • Upward movement of water against gravity through narrow passages • Greatest in narrower passages • Greatest in smaller soil particles • Sorted Soil • All particles have the same size • Unsorted Soil • Mixture of different sized particles

  8. Porosity Particle Size III. Effects of Particle Sizes • Porosity • If particles are sorted, porosity is NOTeffected by particle size • If unsorted, porosity is lessbecause small particles fill the space between large particles

  9. Capillarity Particle Size III. Effects of Particle Sizes • Capillarity (retained water) • If particles are sorted, capillarity DECREASES as size INCREASES

  10. Perm Rate Perm Time Particle Size Particle Size III. Effects of Particle Sizes • Permeability Rate • If particles are sorted, permeability rate INCREASES as size INCREASES

  11. IV. Climate • Average weather conditions of a region over LONG period of time • Based on temperatureand precipitation • Polar– cold all year • Tropical– warm all year • Temperate– warm summers, cool winters

  12. V. Factors Determining Climate • Climate Ratio • Ratio of precipitation(P) to potential evapotranspiration(Ep) • Formula: P / Ep • Arid(desert) = less than 0.4 • Semi-arid= 0.4 – 0.8 • Sub-humid= 0.8 – 1.2 • Humid= greater than 1.2 • Syracuse = 1.4 = humid

  13. Temp (Ep) DEFICIT SURPLUS Jan July Dec V. Factors Determining Climate Type of climate = arid Location = N. Hemisphere; warmest in July; mid-latitude (has seasons) P (precip)

  14. Temp (Ep) DEFICIT SURPLUS Jan July Dec V. Factors Determining Climate Type of Climate = Humid Location = N. Hemisphere; close to polar area (coastal) P (precip)

  15. Temperature Latitude V. Factors Determining Climate • Latitude • Temperature • As latitude increases, temp decreases

  16. V. Factors Determining Climate • Precipitation • Equator, 60 ºN, 60 ºS • Belts of LOW pressure • Rising air, wetter climates • 30 ºN, 90 ºN, 30 ºS, 90 ºS • Belts of HIGH pressure • Sinking air, drier climates

  17. V. Factors Determining Climate • Nearness to large body of water • Marine climate • Near water • Cooler summers and warmer winters • Small yearly temp range • More humid • Continental • Inland areas • Hotter summers and colder winters • Large yearly temp range • Drier

  18. V. Factors Determining Climate • Wind Belts • Control flow of moisture • Storm tracks (SW to NE) • Ocean Currents • Warm current = warm temp, more moist • Cold current = cooler temp, less precip

  19. V. Factors Determining Climate

  20. V. Factors Determining Climate • Elevation • High elevation = cooler and more precipitation • Orographic effect • Windward side – cooler and more moist • Leeward side – warmer and drier

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