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America's Industrial Revolution: From Railroads to Airplanes

Explore the transformation of America's economy from the railroad boom to the aviation age. Learn about tycoons, GDP, and major industries shaping the nation's growth. Discover the impact of inventions like the telegraph, telephone, and transportation advances. Immerse yourself in the industrial milestones that paved the way for modern innovation.

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America's Industrial Revolution: From Railroads to Airplanes

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  1. The Industrial Age Chapter 5

  2. Economy • a system of production, distribution, & consumption of goods and services

  3. Capitalism • an economic system based on private ownership

  4. Tycoon • A powerful businessman

  5. GDP • Gross (amount) Domestic (home) Product • Total value of goods produced in a country every year

  6. GDP • $14,260,000,000,000.00

  7. union • An organization of workers who represent them to improve working conditions

  8. industries • a type of business

  9. Today’s American Economy

  10. Today’s American Economy • The U.S. is the largest economy in the world • Capitalism - private ownership of capital • GDP $14.26 trillion • Population of 307 million (estimate) • 154.4 million workers • Median Household Income $50,000 ($12 hour x 2) • Major Industries farming, manufacturing, healthcare • Oil Consumption 19.5 million barrels a day (1 b gall) • 12% of Americans live in poverty

  11. Largest “States” by economy: • California (8) • Texas (13) • New York (14) • Florida (20) • Illinois (21)

  12. 1794-1877

  13. The Breakers in Newport, RI

  14. The Biltmore in NC • i

  15. I. Railroads • A. Railroad Expansion • 1. New Technology • a. Steam Engine Locomotive (p113) • b. iron track - standard gauge (4ft 8.5in width) • c. air brakes • d. couplers • e. refrigerated cars • f. sleeping car • 2. More and more track… (NOT TODAY!) • 1860 = 30,000 miles of track • 1900 = 193,000 miles “ “ • 2010 = 122,000 miles • 3. Purpose of Trains: • a. Distribution • move goods around the nation • move goods to ports such as NYC to ship to the world. • b. Civil War – move troops and supplies rapidly

  16. Why is new technology important in an industry? • Why is there less track today?

  17. B. Railroad Barons • Powerful businessmen (tycoons) who consolidated control of railroads in their region • 1. Fierce Competition between companies • Larger companies attempted to put smaller companies out of business by offering rebates (lower prices) • 2. Famous Railroad Robber Barons • a.. Cornelius Vanderbilt- Controls NYC to Great Lakes RR • b. James J Hill - Controls Great Northern Route (Minn. to Washington State) • 3.Few laws control their business activity (no government regulation) • 4. Monopoly • control all the tracks and you control the price • Railroad Barons made secret deals called pools that divided business and set price

  18. How do we set the time?

  19. Who has the power to set time? • Railroad Barons and Sir Sandford Fleming in 1884

  20. Prime Meridian

  21. Time Zones in United States

  22. C. Economy Grows • 1. Transportation improves with RR • raw materials (iron, coal, timber) shipped to factories • 2. Demand for iron/steel and lumber • Railroads need materials to build more track • Factories produce steel • 3. Jobs • Thousands of jobs created in railroad • D. Time Zones • 4 major time zones created to help schedule trains (p144)

  23. Why is communication important?

  24. II. Inventions • A. Communication • Improvements in making far away places closer 1. Telegraph • a. Samuel Morse • 1844 telegraph & “Morse Code” invented (… --- … ) • 1860 thousands of miles of telegraph wires • b. Transatlantic telegraph • 1866 Cyrus Field linked the U.S. & Europe by a telegraph cable on the Atlantic Ocean floor 2. Telephone • Alexander Graham Bell • 1876 created the phone that transmitted speech • “Mr. Watson, come here. I want you!” • 1877 Bell Telephone Company created (AT&T) 3. Steps till modern today… • (radio, wireless phones, cell phones, smart phones, texting etc…)

  25. Why is transportation important?

  26. B. Transportation • The inventions allowed great distances to be covered in less time. 1. Railroad • 1814 George Stephenson invented the first steam locomotive in England • 1869 Transcontinental RR finished 2. Steamships • 1836 first steamship The Great Western crosses the Atlantic by British • 1862 Battle of the Ironclads in the Civil War 3. Automobile • Several Europeans develop the “first” car • 1903 Henry Ford establish his company • 1908 Model T introduced • Assembly line & mass production • 15 million Model Ts sold in 18 years (all black) 4. Airplane • 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright develop first “airplane” at Kitty Hawk, NC • 1911 Military uses for airplane developed 5. Steps to the modern day?

  27. C. Thomas Edison (Wizard of Menlo Park) • “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” • “Anything that won't sell, I don't want to invent. Its sale is proof of utility, and utility is success.” • 1876 - Workshop opens in NJ enters “invention business” • 1876-1877 - telephone transmitter (improves communication) • 1877 - phonograph (record player) • 1879 - Electric light bulb • 1882 - Electric Power plants • (connects 85 buildings in NYC for using the lightbulb) • 1888-1891 - motion picture projector (movies) • 1900-1910 - Storage battery

  28. III. Big Business • A. Factors of Production • resources needed for industrial production • 1. Land – farmland, mines, forests, etc… • 2. Labor – workers • 3. Capital – money to buy machines, tools, buildings, communication & transportation networks • The U.S. had an abundance of all the factors in the 19th Century • The rise of the corporation (type of company) that sells stocks to raise capital

  29. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/11/06/business/20071107_WINNERSLOSERS_GRAPHIC.html#http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/11/06/business/20071107_WINNERSLOSERS_GRAPHIC.html#

  30. B. Oil • 1. In the late 19th C., used to light and heat homes • 2. Edwin Drake discovers oil in Pennsylvania in 1859 and an “oil rush” begins • 3. John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) • a. most famous “oil man” who is richest American in history • b. forms Standard Oil in 1870 • c. in 1882, forms a trust that is a group of companies that formed a monopoly in the oild business • d. used horizontal integration (p156 see chart)

  31. Rockefeller

  32. Standard Oil

  33. C. Steel • 1. Bessemer Process & open hearth process – two new methods for making steel more cheaply and in large quantities • 2. Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) • a. built a steel plant near Pittsburgh, PA • b. used vertical integration to expand his business: (see p156) • bought iron and coal mines • built warehouses, ships and factories • gained control of railroads • c. Carnegie Steel Corp made 1/3 of all steel in U.S. • d. sold his business to U.S. Steel in 1901 and made hundreds of millions

  34. Captains of Industry (Andrew Carnegie in middle)

  35. Robber Barons

  36. D. Captains of Industry or Robber Barons • 1. huge wealth in hands of a few people • 2. built successful businesses that employed millions of Americans • 3. unfair business practices – consolidation, pools, trusts, monopolies, strike breakers, and corruption (bribes) • 4. working conditions for employees • 5. philanthropy – donated millions to charities

  37. IV. Industrial Workers • A. Working Conditions (sweatshops) • 1. long hours (6 days week, 10-12 hour days) • 2. unsafe equipment • 3. unhealthy air • 4. no job security • 5. children and women paid less than men

  38. B. Growth of Labor Unions • Organization of workers that wanted improved working conditions such as an 8 hour work day, weekend off and safe conditions • 1. trade unions – represents skilled workers such as carpenters or plumbers • 2. American Federation of Labor (AFL) • formed in 1881 to represent skilled workers in many crafts • Samuel Gompers led AFL and used collective bargaining to improve conditions • Strikes and Picket Lines used to protest • 1904 1.6 million workers have joined (today 11.5 million members)

  39. C. Labor Leaders • 1. Samuel Gompers – created AFL in 1881 • 2. Mary Harris Jones • woman leader who helps organize unions for miners • 3. Eugene Debs - leader of union during Pullman Strike in Chicago in 1894

  40. D. Labor vs Big Business • During economic depressions of 1870s and 1890s, many companies cut wages • Unions respond with strikes: • 1877 – railroad workers on strike • strike breakers hired and workers destroy tracks • 1886 – Haymarket Square, Chicago • strike at McCormick Harvest Company and police sent in to end strike, bomb is thrown and many are killed in violence • 1892 – Homestead Strike, Pennsylvania • Strike at Carnegies Steel Company and 300 guards hired to end picket line, violence leads to 10 deaths • 1894 – Pullman Strike, Chicago • A general strike is ordered end by injunction of federal court, Eugene Debs is arrested, and federal troops sent in to end stirke

  41. Lesson Plan • http://www.icsd.k12.ny.us/legacy/acs/library/ushistory/laborwebquest/index.html

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