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Can wind lidars measure turbulence?

Can wind lidars measure turbulence?. A. Sathe J. Mann J. Gottschall M. Courtney. Acknowledgements – EU FP6 Upwind Project EU FP7 SafeWind Project. What do we mean by turbulence?. Estimation of Reynolds stress tensor,. Why should we measure turbulence?. Design of wind turbines

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Can wind lidars measure turbulence?

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  1. Can wind lidars measure turbulence? A. Sathe J. Mann J. Gottschall M. Courtney Acknowledgements – EU FP6 Upwind Project EU FP7 SafeWind Project

  2. What do we mean by turbulence? Estimation of Reynolds stress tensor, Why should we measure turbulence? Design of wind turbines Power curve of a wind turbine Validation of wind profile models at greater heights, e.g. using momentum flux measurement The aim is to reduce the overall cost of wind energy! Many other applications in fields other than wind energy, e.g. Bridge design

  3. How can we measure turbulence? • Sonic anemometers (current industry standard) • Cup anemometers • Hot wire anemometers So, what is the problem? • All these instruments need a meteorological mast • They are very expensive, both onshore and particularly offshore • They have a fixed structure to the ground, and hence, cannot be moved easily What is the alternative? Remote sensors that do not need a tower Wind lidars Sodars Any other remote sensing instrument

  4. What are the challenges for remote sensors? • They should measure exactly what they are supposed to measure – Mean wind speeds, Turbulence etc. • They should be cheaper than or at least as expensive as the current standard measurement systems What are wind lidars?

  5. What are the challenges for the measurement of turbulence? Which wind lidars are currently available? • Windcube – a pulsed lidar developed by Leosphere • ZephIR – a continuous-wave (CW) lidar developed by Qinetiq, Natural power

  6. How are the wind speeds retrieved? Windcube ZephIR

  7. How accurate is the turbulence measured by lidars? ZephIR

  8. Can we understand why lidars do not measure turbulence precisely? Point measurements

  9. Can we understand why lidars do not measure turbulence precisely? • Assumptions in modelling • The terrain is horizontally homogeneous • The spatial structure of turbulence flow is well described by the spectral tens or model of Mann(1994)

  10. Can we understand why lidars do not measure turbulence precisely? Variation with wind direction Ideal case Ideal case Model Measurements ZephIR Windcube • Only neutral conditions are shown • The model compares reasonably well with the measurements from both lidars • Large systematic errors are observed for both lidars in turbulence measurements

  11. How can we measure turbulence using lidars? Directly using the variances of line-of-sight velocities • Avoids averaging due to conical scanning • Averaging only along the beam direction • In principle, only 6 beams are required to measure Reynolds stress tensor

  12. How can we measure turbulence using lidars? How did we arrive at this configuration? • Assumptions in modelling • The terrain is horizontally homogeneous • The spatial structure of turbulence flow is well described by the spectral tensor model of Mann(1994)

  13. Comparing the 6 beam configuration with the conical scanning method Conical scanning Conical scanning 6-beam 6-beam Ideal case Ideal case ZephIR Windcube • For ZephIR, the improvement is not significant except for w variance • The line-of-sight averaging effect is quite significant, especially for the ZephIR. • For the Windcube, the variances using 6 beam is quite different from the conical scanning method • Better results with the Windcube for the conical scanning method is due to luck (contribution of the cross components). The errors are quite large for different stability conditions using the conical scanning method as compared to the 6-beam method.

  14. Conclusions • Using the conical scanning method, turbulence cannot be measured precisely due to large systematic errors arising from spatial averaging • In principle, the 6 beam configuration reduces systematic errors due to conical averaging. Windcube errors are reduced significantly • We need to somehow negate the line-of-sight averaging effect from both lidars, especially the ZephIR Future work • 6-beam experiment using a short-range windscanner developed at Risø DTU • Mann et.al(2010) developed a spatial filter model for the ZephIR to negate the line-of-sight averaging effect, but needs measurements. Averaged doppler spectra will be used instead of using the radial velocities derived from the individual doppler spectra.

  15. Thank you

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