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Evolution

Evolution. Genetic change in a population over time What are the 3 necessary ingredients for evolution?. Evolution is a natural phenomenon that will occur wherever suitable conditions exist It’s a genetic change in a population over time

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Evolution

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  1. Evolution Genetic change in a population over time What are the 3 necessary ingredients for evolution?

  2. Evolution is a natural phenomenon that will occur wherever suitable conditions exist • It’s a genetic change in a population over time • Is the example below macroevolution or microevolution?

  3. Evidences for Evolution • Fossils: What is a fossil? • Comparative Embryology • Comparative Biochemistry • Comparative Anatomy

  4. Fossil Evidence • Preservation in ice and acid • Preservation in amber • Preserved hard parts • Petrification • Molds and casts • Imprints

  5. Preservation in Ice & Acid • Organisms are kept from decaying in ice or strongly acidic conditions. • Why are bogs conducive to preservation and not decomposition?

  6. Preservation in Amber • Fossilized tree sap

  7. Preserved Hard Parts • Organic materials in hard parts of living things leech out and are replaced by minerals in the surrounding rock

  8. Petrification • Organic materials in tree tissue leech out and are replaced by minerals in the surrounding rock

  9. Molds & Casts • Molds impressions • Casts 3-D • Identify the 3 pictures as molds or casts.

  10. Imprints • Impressions or indentations in rock

  11. Stratificationstrata • What does the root word “strata”mean? • How fossils are formed • Becoming a Fossil

  12. Relative Datingestimating the age of something compared to something else

  13. Absolute Dating RadioMetric Dating Video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/3/l_033_01.html

  14. radioactive: decay of nuclei of unstable atoms half-life • uranium 238 = 4.5billion yrs uraniumlead • C14 up to 40,000yrs • C14C12 half life 5700 • If a piece of rock is found with a Lead:Uranium ratio of 7:1, how old is the rock?

  15. Comparative Embryology • "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" • each embryo has to repeat the adult stages of its biological predecessors • Haeckel was a fraud!

  16. Comparative Biochemistry • DNA sequence and protein molecules • What is the adjacent picture called? • What is the name of the process which generates it?

  17. Comparative Anatomy • Homologous structures • Analogous structures • Vestigial structures

  18. Homologous Structures • Similar in design, different in function

  19. Divergent Evolution offspring of a common (similar) ancestor diverge b/c they are adapted by different environments Adaptive Radiation process by which ancestral species evolve into a number of diff species

  20. Analogous Structuressimilar in function different in design • offspring nonrelated (different) ancestors converge b/c they are adapted by similar environments • Speed and stealth in the water 

  21. Rolling for defense

  22. What is the name of this animal?

  23. Echolocation for feeding in darkness (Oil bird and bat)

  24. Convergent Evol. • result of geographic isolation and niches to be filled • process by which different species evolve similar structures or adaptations to similar (but diff) environments

  25. Parallel Evolution

  26. Divergent, Convergent & Parallel Evolution Make a Venn comparing the 3 types of evolution. 3 facts per group.

  27. Hummingbird flowers • What kind of evolution do these flowers exhibit? Why?

  28. Co-Evolution • When two different organisms change in response to each other • How many bees are on the screen? Write your answer and then watch the videos. Evolution of Camouflage: Orchard Wasps

  29. Mimicry Will the REAL stinging insect please stand up! How many stinging insects on the screen? Mimicry only works if there are more _____________

  30. Vestigial structures • a structure or organ that has no apparent use • if organisms use the minimal amount of E to survive,why would they use E to form a structure that has no use?

  31. Theories of Evolution • Empedocles • Aristotle • Linnaeus • Lamarck • Cuvier • Lyell • Wallace/Darwin • Stanley/Gould • Science influences society, which influences science.

  32. Lamarck & Acquired Characteristics • Acquired characteristics traits acquired during life can be passed to offspring • Theory of Use & Disuse what we use gets larger and what we don’t gradually disappears

  33. Natural Selection (Darwin & Wallace) • Overproduction • Struggle for existence/ Competition • Variation within a species • Survival of the fittest problem: how did variations arise? How does Evolution Really Work

  34. Overproduction • Thomas Malthus "Essay on Principles of Population" • geometric/exponential progression (vs arithmetic)

  35. Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium Permian Extinction

  36. Speciation Formation of a new species (group of organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring) needs: 1. Available niche 2. Genetic Isolation 3. Time

  37. Genetic Isolation Geographic/allopatric Isolation results from physical separation Ecological/sympatric Isolation: • Mechanical (post/pre zygotic) • Temporal • Ethological (behavioral) • Isolating Lacewing songs

  38. Directional Selection • Selection against one extreme • Fit to be ONE extreme

  39. Stabilizing Selection • Selection against both extremes • Fit to be AVERAGE

  40. Disruptive Selection • Selection against the average • It is fit to be BOTH extremes

  41. Give a plausible example of each of the 2 types of speciation. • Give a plausible example of each of the 3 types of selection. • Making a Cladistic: Try the following activity: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/

  42. Why Does Evolution Matter Now? • Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance • Biological Invaders

  43. How Did We Meet the GPS? SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a. Trace the history of the theory. b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

  44. References • Absolute Dating: dig.anthro.niu.edu/anth102/ 01intro/1dating.html • PBS Evolution Library: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/index.html • Mimicry: http://www.morning-earth.org/Graphic-E/Transf-Mimic.html • NOVA: Homeobox Genes

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