Growing Impact: Post-secondary International Students in Toronto

1. Growing Impact: Post-secondary International Students in Toronto By Sarah V. Wayland, PhD & Ilene Hyman, PhD

2. Growing Impact: Postsecondary International Students in Toronto Sarah Wayland and Ilene Hyman February 13, 2019

3. why international students • International education as key driver of Canada’s future prosperity and success in a globalizing world • Harper: double international students by 2022 • Trudeau: improved prospects for international students to immigrate to Canada • Important potential source of skilled immigration • Of interest to all three orders of government, great potential for multi-level, multi-sectoral collaboration

4. Scope and methods • Focused on the eight post-secondary public universities and colleges in Toronto • Sources • Common University Data Ontario (CUDO) database (2006-2015) • OCAS-OntarioColleges.ca • Statistics Canada special tabulation on student permit holders who transitioned to PR status in City of Toronto • Policy research reports, commissioned reports, scholarly studies and reviews • 20 key informant interviews

5. Relevant Government Policies • Complicated processes related to study, work, and immigration, with competing roles and interests • Federal: manage temporary & permanent immigration via study permits, PGWP, and applications for PR • Ontario: post-secondary education and recruitment, PNP. Post-Secondary International Education Strategy released May 2018. • Toronto: various initiatives to provide positive experiences in partnership

6. Enrolment Trends • Number and Proportion of International Students enrolled in Toronto Universities by Level of Study, 2006 and 2015

7. Tuition Trends • In 2017-18, tuition rates for international undergraduate students in Ontario were almost 4x higher than domestic; tuition rates for international graduate students were more than 2x as high • Tuition rates have increased more rapidly for international students than domestic

8. Tuition Rates for International and Canadian University Students in Ontario

9. Economic contributions of International Students • $15.5 billion in GDP to the Canadian economy in 2015 • $6.3 billion in GDP to the Ontario economy • $3.1 billion in economic activities within the City of Toronto each year • Very conservative • Tuition higher in Toronto • Uber-rich international students more likely to be in Toronto • Cost of living and accommodation higher in Toronto

10. Impacts from the Presence of International Students International students bring important perspectives, outside the bubble…We ask [our design students] to be in dialog with one another a lot, to give feedback on each others’ work. These connections and social capital will only help our students in the world, to be prepared for the global marketplace. It’s a pretty big advantage. -- Deanne Fisher, Vice Provost, Students and International, OCADU

11. Impacts from the Revenue of International Students: Universities • International undergrad tuition > tuition and grants from domestic student enrolment. • international students were 11% of Ontario’s undergraduate university student population, but generated approximately 28% of the total tuition revenue in the Ontario university sector (2014). • At University of Toronto, international students contributed more than half of the university’s $1.3 billion in tuition revenue

12. Impacts from the Revenue of International Students: Colleges • PwC report - three categories of fiscal pressures on Ontario’s colleges: • Demographics: fewer domestic students • Revenues: Government funding per student is below rate of inflation. Regulations have limited colleges’ ability to increase tuition or raise revenues from other sources • Expenses: growing backlogs of deferred maintenance as well as new provincial program and reporting requirements that have not been accompanied by increases in revenues • The proportion of total tuition revenues from international tuition among Toronto’s public colleges grew from around 20% (2008-09) to 40% (2014-15)

13. Impact on Access to Post-Secondary Programs • No evidence found that international students displaced domestic students or made it more difficult for domestic students to access post-secondary education • They generally do not compete for the same spaces • Colleges also have a mandate to serve local regional and vocational needs. With the cooperation of local employers

14. Post-Graduation Transitions • PGWPs more than doubled between 2008 and 2014 • 53% of Ontario international students received PGWPs in 2011 • Use of PGWP appears to be higher in college sector: college students are older, often with a postsecondary credential prior to arrival, & career focused • Pathways to PR not always straightforward & knowledge among applicants not always accurate

15. Post-Graduation Challenges • Finding employment • Starting a business • Lack of Transitional Services and Supports • Inflexibility of Post-Graduation Work Permits

16. Factors associated with Local Retention and Outcomes: Research • Internal migration trends indicate that Canadian immigrants are increasingly moving away from large labour markets into smaller economies. • Economic factors very important • High retention of OINP • Decision by IS to apply for PR associated with having Canadian friends, perceptions of safety, & number of years living in a community • skills-based education obtained through colleges is more beneficial for retaining students in their communities than university degrees

17. Conclusions and Next Steps (1) • During Study • Welcome and support • Levering their value on campus • Creating community connections • Improving employment prospects • Fostering entrepreneurship

18. Conclusions and Next Steps (2) • Post Graduation • Provision of transitional supports • Marketing their value • Transition to Permanent Residence • Encourage early immigration planning • Ease immigration requirements • Collect more comprehensive data

19. Growing Impact: Post-secondary International Students in Toronto By Sarah V. Wayland, PhD & Ilene Hyman, PhD

20. International Students in the Ted Rogers MBA Kimberly A Bates

21. Admissions • Admit students who will do well in post MBA careers • Higher standards in GMAT, emphasis on verbal scores • High English Proficiency standards • Relatively modest tuition • Emphasis on work history • Interview -- online

22. Program Supports • 5 Course pre-MBA • Training for participatory classroom • Case analysis & Teamwork • Canadian Business History • Writing • Writing Coach • Career Centre • Coaching with executives in residence • Workshops • Individual mentoring with career centre staff

23. Results • Placement consistent with domestic students ~90% at 3 months • Better classroom outcomes • group work • Participation • Positive Reputation benefits for ”startup” MBA – begun in 2006 • Canadian and International Rankings

24. Growing Impact: Post-secondary International Students in Toronto By Sarah V. Wayland, PhD & Ilene Hyman, PhD