Delivering Your Speech Steven A. Beebe Susan J. Beebe

1. Delivering Your Speech Steven A. Beebe & Susan J. Beebe

3. The Power of Speech Delivery Delivery is important. Not just what is said, but how it is said. Nonverbal Communication: communication other than written or spoken that creates meaning.

4. The Power of Speech Delivery 65% of a message�s meaning is based on nonverbals. Speakers can lose credibility if delivery disappoints listeners (Nonverbal Expectancy Theory). Emotions can spread to listeners (Emotional Contagion). When nonverbals and verbals contradict, listeners believe nonverbals more.

7. The Power of Speech Delivery Delivery is important. Not just what is said, but how it is said. Nonverbal Communication: communication other than written or spoken that creates meaning.

8. Methods of Delivery

9. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Good eye contact. Effective gestures. Good movements. Structured posture. Strong facial expression. Effective vocal delivery. Appropriate physical appearance.

11. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Good eye contact Is established with entire audience. Connects with people; for 2 � 3 seconds or more. Does not look above heads. Varies naturally (not mechanically).

12. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective gestures Use of hands to emphasize key ideas. Functions of gestures: Repeat: illustrate Contradict: oppose Substitute: replace Complement: enhance Emphasize: accentuate Regulate: control

13. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective gestures Are natural. Are definite & have a purpose. Are consistent with your words. Do not call attention to themselves. Are appropriate to the audience and occasion.

14. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective movement should Be controlled. Be made with a purpose. Create closeness with the audience. Highlight transitions. Not be overdone.

15. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective posture Can enhance credibility. Can intensify emotions. Is adjusted to the occasion: Informal (more relaxed). Formal (more professional). Means to stand up straight. Don�t slump or slouch.

16. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective facial expression Should reflect the mood of the speech. Should reflect the purpose also. Should be sincere. Remember: Listeners see face before hearing words.

17. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Adequate volume. Clear articulation. Non-distracting dialect. Solid pronunciation. Display vocal variety.

18. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Adequate volume: Loud enough to create desired effect, while also allowing people to hear message.

19. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Clear articulation (enunciation): producing clear sounds of each syllable & word.

20. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Dialect: pronunciation related to an ethnic group or geographical region. Note: dialects generally okay, as long as content is not distracting.

21. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Pronunciation: use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately. Note: work to prolong sounds that can get mispronounced.

22. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Vocal variety: diverse qualities of voice. Pitch: highness & lowness of voice. Inflections: changes in pitch. Rate: how fast or slow you speak. Pauses: use of silence. Avoid vocalized pauses (uh, um, er). Vary pitch, inflections, rate and pauses.

23. Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery Effective vocal delivery Personal Appearance. Appropriate wardrobe depends on: Climate. Custom. Culture. Audience. Do not violate audience expectations for your appearance.

24. Audience Diversity and Delivery Adapt verbals & nonverbals for culturally diverse audiences. Avoid ethnocentrism. Use less dramatic style for high-context listeners. Consult speakers who have spoken to your audience. Monitor your immediacy & emotional expression. Make sure verbals & nonverbals do not offend listeners.

25. Rehearsing Your Speech:Some Final Tips Finish speaking outline at least two days before speech. Rehearse out loud. Time your speech. Prepare speaking notes. Rehearse while standing. Present to others, to develop eye contact. Tape-record or videotape rehearsals. Rehearse with visual aids. Recreate actual speaking situation.

26. Delivering Your Speech Sleep well the night before. Be familiar with your introduction & conclusion. Act calm to feel calm. Arrive early. Visualize being successful with your audience.

27. Adapting Your Speech Deliveryfor Television Consider toning down gestures. Dress for success. Avoid white, black & dark gray. Solid colors are best. Watch facial expressions. Remember target audience. Keep speech short. Choose words with care & style. Be familiar with microphones & technology.

28. Responding to Questions Delivery becomes impromptu. Anticipate questions. Repeat or rephrase question. Make sure answers focus on speech. Respond to entire audience. Begin Q & A session by asking yourself a tough question. Listen nonjudgmentally to question(s).

29. Responding to Questions Neutralize hostile questions. Dress for success. Restate question. Acknowledge emotions. Don�t make it personal. Get to heart of issue. Admit when you don�t know answer. Make answers short and to the point. Use signposts (first, second�). Notify when Q & A is going to end.

31. Everyone Persuades

32. Speeches to Persuade To influence listeners� points of view or behavior. Speaker asks audience to make a choice, not simply to inform the audience. Speaker not only educates, but advocates.

33. Persuasion Defined Process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values or behaviors. Attitudes: likes or dislikes. Beliefs: what is regarded as true or false. Values: enduring ideas of what is right/wrong, good/bad. Attitudes: most likely to change. Values: least likely to change. Behaviors: actions displayed.

35. The Classical Rhetoric Approach. The Contemporary ELM Approach. How Persuasion Works

36. How Persuasion Works The Classical Rhetoric Approach Rhetoric: discovering ways to persuade. Three methods of persuasion: Ethos - creating audience trust & believability through ethics, character & concern for the audience. Logos - rational & logical arguments, through sound evidence. Pathos - emotions that may involve stories, pictures and music. Ethos, logos & pathos motivate people.

37. How Persuasion Works The Contemporary ELM Approach Elaboration Likelihood Model. Explains how people interpret persuasive messages. People focus (elaborate) on information given. Process information directly (logos). Process indirectly (ethos or pathos).

38. How to Motivate Listeners Dissonance. Listener Needs. Positive Motivation. Negative Motivation.

39. How to Motivate Listeners Use Dissonance People seek consistency & balance. When unhappy, people change attitudes, beliefs, values or behaviors. Cognitive Dissonance: mental discomfort that prompts people to change when new information conflicts with previously established thoughts. Speakers need to be ethical when choosing messages that create dissonance.

40. How to Motivate Listeners How Listeners Cope with Dissonance Discredit the source of information. Refocus on parts of message not creating dissonance. Seek new information to prove speaker�s ideas wrong. Stop listening: tune out. Change attitudes, beliefs, values or actions to reduce dissonance.

41. How to Motivate Listeners Use Listener Needs People change attitudes, beliefs, values or actions to restore needs. Maslow: humans are motivated by a variety of needs. Persuasion occurs when listener become convinced that change will satisfy their needs.

42. Maslow�s Hierarchy of Needs

43. Maslow�s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological: comfort, sustenance & survival. Safety: security & protection. Social: contact, and feeling loved & valued. Self-esteem: a positive self image, and to have personal satisfaction. Self-actualization: goal of reaching full potential � the best & brightest.

44. Positive Motivation Good things will happen if listeners follow speaker�s advice. Emphasize that positive values will be maintained or restored. Emphasize benefits & features. Benefit: a good result appealing to emotions. Feature: rational cognitive explanation appealing to logic.

45. Negative Motivation Bad things will happen if speaker�s advice is not followed. Fear appeals are common. Threats to loved ones work better. Fear appeals work better when speaker credibility is higher. As fear appeals intensify, so do chances of success.

46. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Consider audience. Select & narrow your persuasive topic. Determine your persuasive purpose. Develop your central idea & main ideas.

47. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Select & narrow your persuasive topic Do you sincerely feel strongly about it? Does it appeal to listeners� passions? Is it an important topic?

48. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Consider audience Will they not react favorably to emotional appeals? Could they reject logic? Might they be threatened by fear appeals? Note any cultural differences between you & your audience. Do not fabricate information.

49. Determine your�Persuasive Purpose� Set a reasonable goal. Do not expect drastic changes. Social Judgment Theory: Listeners in latitude of acceptance: more likely to be convinced. Listeners in latitude of rejection or non-commitment: may not be convinced.

50. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Develop your central idea & main ideas State central idea as a proposition: (statement seeking audience agreement) Fact: States something is true or false; or it did or did not happen. Value: Judges something (good or bad, right or wrong, etc.). Policy: Advocates change in law, procedure or behavior. Main ideas should support your proposition.

51. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Proposition of Fact

52. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Proposition of Value

53. How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech Proposition of Policy

54. Putting Persuasive Principlesinto Practice Learn about listeners� attitudes, beliefs & values. Create messages that help listeners avoid dissonance. Shown listeners how plan solves a problem or satisfies needs. Manage fear appeals: don�t go overboard, and show how the threat can be controlled.

55. A Sample Persuasive Speech Watch the video, and ask yourself: 1. Is this speech addressing a proposition of fact, value or policy? 2. How does the speaker try to point out cognitive dissonance in the listeners? 3. Which of Maslow�s needs are addressed? 4. What type of organizational pattern does the speaker use? 5. Does the speaker ask for changes in attitudes? Beliefs? Values? Behaviors? 6. What types of sources does the speaker use to substantiate claims?

56. A Sample Persuasive Speech

57. A Sample Persuasive Speech Watch the video, and ask yourself: 1. Is this speech addressing a proposition of fact, value or policy? 2. How does the speaker try to point out cognitive dissonance in the listeners? 3. Which of Maslow�s needs are addressed? 4. What type of organizational pattern does the speaker use? 5. Does the speaker ask for changes in attitudes? Beliefs? Values? Behaviors? 6. What types of sources does the speaker use to substantiate claims?

58. A Question of Ethics. . .

59. Persuasion ��is the process of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas.� - Donald C. Bryant, rhetoric scholar

60. Establishing Credibility Also known as ethos. Audience�s perceptions of the speaker. Various dimensions: Competence- knowledge & skill. Trustworthiness- believability & honesty. Dynamism- energy level. Charisma- charm, talent & magnetism.

61. Enhancing Your Credibility Credibility established in three places: Initial credibility: perceptions before speech. Derived credibility: impressions formed during speech. Terminal credibility: final impressions, after speech. Ways to boost credibility: Well-stressed values and concerns shared with audience. Well-documented evidence. Well-organized ideas. Well-managed delivery.

62. Using Logicand Evidence to Persuade Aristotle: �always prove what you state.� Logos: formal system of rules to reach a conclusion. Reasoning: drawing a conclusion from the evidence.

63. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Inductive Reasoning. Deductive Reasoning. Causal Reasoning.

64. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Using specific examples or instances to reach a general or probable conclusion. Used when one can claim that an outcome is probably true because of specific evidence.

65. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Testing the Validity of Inductive Reasoning Are there enough specific instances to support the conclusion? Are the specific instances typical? Are the instances recent?

66. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Inductive Reasoning: an example

67. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Reasoning by Analogy (a special type of inductive reasoning) Makes a comparison between two things, entities, processes, etc. If you conclude what is true for one can be true for the other, then the analog is strong.

68. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Testing the Validity of Reasoning by Analogy Are similarities between both, greater than differences? Is the conclusion being drawn actually true?

69. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Opposite of induction. Conclusion (generalization) is more certain than probable. The more valid or truthful the outcome, the more certain the conclusion. Start with widely accepted general claim, and then move towards specific conclusion illustrating general claim.

70. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Structure of Deductive Reasoning Syllogism � three-part argument: Major Premise: widely accepted general statement. Minor Premise: specific statement that applies to the major premise. Conclusion: logical outcome, minor premise exemplifies major premise. The more valid the major premise, the more valid the deduction.

71. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Testing the Validity of Deductive Reasoning Is major premise (general statement) true? Is minor premise (specific instance) true?

72. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Deductive Reasoning: an example

73. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Causal Reasoning Relating events to show connection. To conclude that one or more events caused another event. Can move from cause to effect. Can move from effect to cause.

74. Understanding Typesof Reasoning Causal Reasoning: an example

75. Persuading the Diverse Audience Effectiveness depends on listeners� background and cultural expectations. Some cultures prefer deduction; other cultures prefer induction. Use evidence that audience will see as valid and reliable. Use appropriate appeals to action, based on cultural norms. Use messages appropriate for audience. Use delivery that listeners find appropriate.

76. Supporting Your Reasoningwith Evidence Use facts. Use valid true examples. Use opinions that enhance credibility. Use sound & reliable statistics. Use reluctant testimony: shows that someone has been convinced. Use new & specific evidence. Use evidence to tell a story.

77. Avoid Faulty Reasoning Be ethical & appropriate with evidence & reasoning. Fallacy: false reasoning when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence, or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate.

78. Avoid Faulty Reasoning Reasoning Fallacies

79. Avoid Faulty Reasoning Reasoning Fallacies

80. Using Emotion to Persuade Can make people feel pleasure or displeasure. Can make people feel more aroused. Can make people feel dominance.

81. Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade Use details that help listeners visualize. Use emotion-arousing words (�freedom,� �9-11,� �mommy.�) Delivery should reflect emotions. Use pictures or images.

82. Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade Use appropriate metaphors & similes. Use right amount of fear appeals. Appeal to several emotions. Appeal to audience members� myths. Myth: not necessarily false, but a belief of how people view their world. (e.g., Old West pioneers: strong & adventurous) Avoid unethical emotional appeals & appeals to listeners� prejudices (demagoguery).

83. Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas Persuading the receptive audience. Identify with them. Clearly state your objectivity. Tell them exactly what you want them to do. Ask them for an immediate show of support. Use emotional appeals effectively. Make it easy for them to take action.

84. Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas Persuading the neutral audience. Capture their attention early. Stress commonly shared beliefs. Relate topic to them, their friends, families and loved ones. Be realistic with the response you want.

85. Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas Persuading the unreceptive audience. Wait before telling them your purpose. Start with noting areas of agreement. Set realistic goals. Acknowledge how they might oppose you. Clearly tell them any experiences you have.

86. Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas Persuading the unreceptive audience. Consider understanding (not advocacy) as your goal. Summarize common misconceptions people have. State why misconceptions may seem reasonable. Dismiss misconceptions, and provide evidence to support your point. State accurate information you want them to remember.

87. Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages State your strongest arguments first. Do not bury key arguments in the middle. Save action calls for the end. Consider presenting both sides of an issue. State and refute counterarguments.

88. Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages Organizational Patterns Problem � Solution. Refutation. Cause and Effect. Motivated Sequence. Attention. Need. Satisfaction. Visualization. Action.