Human Geography & Globalization

1. Human Geography & Globalization By: Joanna Wong & MikeyHolohan

2. Geography Geography- the study of the earth Human Geography Physical Geography • How natural processes and their outcomes shape the earth • Weather Pattern • Soil Formation • Animal Ecology • The spatial organization of human activities and with people’s relationships to their environments • Agriculture Production • Population Change • Regional Planning

3. 5 Themes of Geography Location Explains where something is on the Earth and the effects that position has on human life Site: actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area Situation: the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Absolute Relative • Measured by longitude and latitude • Described by something’s relationship to the places around it

4. 5 Themes of Geography Human Environment Interaction Describes how human activities affect their environment and how environmental changes impact human life Movement Movement of information, people, goods, and other phenomena Place refers to all of the human and physical attributes in a location Region A region is a spatial unit, or group of places, that share similar characteristics • Formal -Area that has common cultural and physical features • Functional - Group of places linked together by some type of movement or function • Perceptual - Group of places linked together because of perceptions about those places

5. Tools and Methods • Remote Sensing: acquisition of data about earth’s surface from satellite images are transmitted in digital form • GIS: a computer system that can capture, story, query, analyze, and display geographic data • Data capture: putting the information into the system

6. Types of Maps Topographic Maps Isopleth Maps • Lines measures places of equal data value • Lines - Isolines • Measures elevation • Lines - Contours Dot Maps Chloropleth Maps • Dots represent specified number of occurrences • Shadings represent different variations in numbers

7. Scale Scale: relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on earth • Fractional: numerical ratio between distances on the map on earth’s surface • Ex: 1:10,000 • Written: relationship between the map and earth distances in words • Ex: 1 inch equals 100 miles • Graphic: consists of a bar line marked to show distance on the earth’s surface Small scale: less details, big fraction Big scale: more details, small fraction

8. Projections Projection: The scientific method of transferring locations on the earth’s surface to a flat map The issues? Projections can distort size, shape direction, distance

9. Types of Projections Mercator Fuller • Good for: Size and Shape • Bad for: Direction • Good for: Direction • Bad for: Area Robinson Azimuthal • Good for: well balanced map, oceans • Bad for: all four areas are distorted • Good for: Direction • Bad for: Direction for anywhere other than the poles

10. Distance • Tobler’s law: Everything is related in some way, nearer things are more related than distant things • Time-Distance Decay: Describes the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance

11. Spatial Distribution Density Frequency at which something occurs • Arithmetic: total number of objects per area • Physiological Density: number of people per unit of arable land Pattern Geometric arrangement of objects in space Concentration A features spread over place • Clustered: Close together • Dispersed: Far apart Immanuel Kant: A German philosopher that differentiated the difference between historians and geographer based on geographer’s use of location

12. Spatial Interaction Complementarity The demand in one place with a matching supply in another • Specialization • Resource distribution Transferability Cost involved in moving goods from one place to another • High transferability rate: little things that require less cost to transfer • Low transferability rate: larger, more fragile things that cost more to transfer Intervening Opportunity Determines volume and pattern of movements, factors why you pick one thing over another Diffusion Process in which phenomenon spread from one place to another

13. Types of Diffusion Expansion Diffusion When an idea develops in the hearth, and continues to spread outwards Relocation Diffusion Spread of an idea through physical movement • Language • Diseases Hierarchal: Idea that spreads from a person or a major city Contagious: Rapid diffusion through population Stimulus: Spread of underlying principle, not the entirety of the idea

14. Regions Regions: group of places that share similar characteristics Formal Functional Vernacular • A homogenous region that shares one or more distinctive characteristics • Contains recognized borders • A region bounded by some type of function • Organized around a focal point • A place that people believe exist as part of a cultural identity • Always based on a person’s perception

15. Regionalization Regionalism: Situations in which different religious or ethnic groups co-exists within the same boundaries Sectionalism: Feelings that develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs Irredentism: Assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal border belongs to it historically and culturally

16. Globalization Globalization: force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope, basically, the world is inner-connected and shrinking!

17. The Three Steps → Modern World Step #1 1st agricultural revolution • Reciprocal Economy • Allowed for higher population densities • Specialization • Trade Step #2 Colonization • New settlements • Urbanization, development of towns and cities for early world-empires Step #3 Capitalism • Major regions of the world is connected by trade • Hinterland: Sphere of economic influence During this time, major advancements in technology were made as exploration began. Some centers of scholarships included: Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, and Granada

18. Wallerstein’s World-System World-System Inter-dependent systems of countries linked by political and economic competition Semi-Periphery In between core and periphery countries, is still exploited by the core while exploiting the peripheryy countries themselves. Periphery Dependent on core countries, lacks infrastructure, manufacturing, and technology, it is undeveloped with very specialized economies Core Dominate trade, have the most advanced technologies and infrastructure, and high levels of productivity

19. Imperialism and the effects • While every country tried to dominate globally through imperialism, it led to major consequences… • Trade dependency • Ethnocentrism : Attitude that one race and culture is superior to others • Environmental determinism: Human activities is shaped, and constrained by the environment

20. Globalization • Transnational Corporation • Places where research is conducted, factories are operated, and products are sold to many countries outside of the headquaters • Economic differences are heightened • Periphery countries can be exploited further Cultural Globalization Due to different communication methods and advertising, globalization has reached many different cultures around the world. • Can lead to conflicts because many refuses westernization

21. Westernization and its Issues • Sometimes this is referred to as the “New Imperialism” • In periphery countries, not all are accepting of westernization because few can enjoy this luxury • The problems? • Environmental- pollution, climate change • Health- Increased travel also increase diseases • Security- spread of weapons and terrorism • Disparity- Core is consolidated (rich is getting richer)

22. JEOPARDY!

24. 5 Themes of Geography What is geography? The study of the earth.

25. 5 Themes of Geography What is human geography? The spatial organization of human activities and with people’s relationships to their environments.

26. 5 Themes of Geography What are the 5 themes of geography? Location, Human environment interaction, region, place, and movement.

27. 5 Themes of Geography What is a formal region? Area that has common cultural and physical features.

28. 5 Themes of Geography What is the difference between site and situation? Site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth, and situation is the location of place relative to its surroundings and other places.

29. Maps, Models, and Tools What are three types of scales used on maps? Fractional, written, and graphic.

30. Maps, Models, and Tools What is remote sensing? Aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems

31. Maps, Models, and Tools What kind of map is used to represent spatial dimensions of a particular condition, process, or events? Thematic Map

32. Maps, Models, and Tools What are the four problems associated with projections? They can distort the actual shape, size, distance, and direction of places on earth.

33. Maps, Models, and Tools What map is useful for displaying the oceans? Robinson Projection

34. Spatial Analysis What is used to calculate the absolute location of a place on earth? Latitude and Longitude.

35. Spatial Analysis What are the three times of expansion diffusion? Hierarchal, contagious, and stimulus.

36. Spatial Analysis What term is used to describe that the rate of a particular activity decreases as distance increases? Time Space Convergence

37. Spatial Analysis Who compared geography’s concern for space to history’s concern for time? Immanuel Kant

38. Spatial Analysis What does Tobler’s law state? Everything is related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things.

39. Regions What are the three types of regions? Formal, Functional(Nodal), and Perceptual.

40. Regions What kind of region would “The South” be considered? Perceptual.

41. Regions What kind of region are states considered? Formal

42. Regions What is sectionalism? Feelings that develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs.

43. Regions What is irredentism? Assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal border belongs to it historically and culturally.

44. Globalization What is causing the world to “shrink”? Globalization

45. Globalization What event allowed for the creation of cities to become possible? Neolithic Revolution

46. Globalization What are negative consequences of globalization? Any of the following- Environmental destruction, Health issues, Security Issues, and Disparity Issues.

47. Globalization What is ethnocentrism? Attitude that one’s race and culture are superior to others.

48. Globalization Who created the idea of a World System, which consists of core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries? Immanuel Wallerstein

49. Helpful Reviews • http://quizlet.com/subject/ap-human-geography-exam-review/ • http://www.studystack.com/APHumanGeography • http://www.scuc.txed.net/webpages/jchavez/tests.cfm?subpage=23825