Country Report, Myanmar

1. Country Report, Myanmar AFACI PROGRAM WORKSHOP ON FOOD CROPS (IPM/Seed-Potato) Aangkor Paradise Hotel, Siem Reap, Cambodia 20.9.2016-24.9.2016 By Dr. Mu Mu Kyaw Deputy Director Entomology Section Department of Agricultural Research Naypyitaw, Myanmar

2. Location of Myanmar • Latitude : 9'32"- 28'31" • Longitude 92'10"- 101' 11" Land frontier • With Thailand 2099 km • With Laos 235 km • With China 2227 km • With Bangladesh 272 km • With Inida 1453 km Sea frontier • Rakhine coastline 713 km • Delta coastline 438 km • Tanintharyi coastline 1078 km

3. Total land area 65 Mil Ha Agricultural % 19.2 Forest % 48.2 Other % 32.6 · Main food consumed: Rice, Oil & Fat, Pulses, Sugar & Honey, Nuts Climatic Variations Myanmar has mainly three seasons: Summer (Mar-June), Monsoon (July-Oct) and Winter (Nov-Feb) Rainfall coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F).

4. Myanmar Economy and the role of Agriculture • Myanmar is an agricultural country, and the agriculture sector is the backbone of its economy.  • The Agriculture sector contributes to 37.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for 25 to 30  percent  of total export earnings and employs 70 percent of the labour force.  • Rice is staple food in Myanmar. • Rice agro-ecosystem in Myanmar categorized as Irrigated area, rainfed low land area, drought prone area, submergence area and salt affected area.

5. Pests of Rice in Myanmar • Rice stemborer yellow stemborer, Scirpophagaincertulas Striped stem borer • Plant Hopper brown plant hopper, Nilaparvatalugen white backed plant hopper, Sogatellafurcifera green leaf hopper, Nephotettixvirescens small brown planthopper, Laodelphaxstriatellus • Leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocismedinalis • Leaf roller,

6. Pests of Rice in Myanmar (Cont’d) • Hispa, Dicladispaarmigera • Rice ear bug, Leptocorisaoratorius • Gall midge, Orseoliaoryzae • Thrips, Stenchaetothripsbiformis • Army worm, Mythimna sp.

7. Background • The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a plant hopper that feeds on rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). BPH are among the most important pests of rice, and rice is the major staple crop for about half the world's population. They damage rice directly through feeding and also by transmitting two viruses, rice ragged stunt virus and rice grassy stunt virus. Up to 60% yield loss is common in susceptible rice cultivars attacked by BPH. The BPH are distributed in: Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma (Myanmaar), Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, North and South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.

8. Rice Plant Hopper outbreak in Myanmar • BPH are among the most important pests of rice, and rice is the major staple crop for about half the world's population. • First outbreak of plant hopper (brown plant hopper and white backed plant hopper) was recorded in 1970 at kyaukse Research farm, Mandalay Division and upper Myanmar (Myint, 1975) • Plant hopper outbreak was recorded in 1981 (Tun,1987) • In 1998, rice plant hopper infestation was reported to cause crop damage in 35613 ha (Win, 1998) • White backed plant hopper outbreaks was recorded in Bogalay Township, Aye YarWaddy Division, 2008 (after Nagis), • Central and lower part of Myanmar have been listed as the mostly prone areas to the rice plant hopper • Management of rice plant hopper depends on repeated applications of synthetic insecticides.

9. Myanmar Agriculture Policies • To emphasize production and utilization of high-yielding and good quality seeds. • To conduct training and education for farmers and extension staff on advanced agricultural techniques. • To implement research and development activities for sustainable agricultural development. • To protect farmers rights and benefits. • To assist farmers to get fair price on their produce. • To assist in lowering production costs, increasing high quality crop production, developing and strengthening of markets. • To encourage transformation from conventional to mechanized agriculture, production of crops appropriate with climate and extension of irrigated area. • To undertake renovation and maintenance works on old irrigation, pumping and underground water systems. • To support rural development and poverty reduction activities through development of agriculture sector. • To encourage local and international investment in agriculture sector for the development of advanced agricultural technology and commercial agricultural production. • To justify and amend existing agricultural laws and regulations in line with current economic situation.

10. Vision • To attain food security for domestic consumption and higher nutritional value by all citizen • To double the income of farmers and their socio-economic status • To improve the quality and standard of agricultural products to compete in international markets

11. Key Factors for development of agricultural production • Creating profitable and sustainable market for farmers • Developing seed industry to utilize high-quality seeds appropriate with local conditions to complete in international market • Adoption of Good Agricultural Practices • Application of agricultural inputs such as irrigation water, chemical and natural fertilizers efficiently and timely • Encouraging agro-based industry to produce agricultural value-added products • Reduction of transactional costs along the process from seeding to marketing

12. Paddy in Myanmar

13. RICE PRICE (Kyat/kg)

14. Current activities of rice varietal improvement • Irrigated low land rice • Rainfed low land rice • Aerobic rice • Drought tolerance rice • Submergence tolerance and deep water rice • Salt tolerance rice • Quality rice • Heat tolerant rice • Iron rich rice • Bacterial blight resistant rice

15. Widely Grown Cultivars in Myanmar

16. Utilization of pesticides by MOAI

17. Chilli (dried)in Myanmar

18. Tomato in Myanmar

19. Pests of Tomato in Myanmar Pod fly Thrip Red mite aphid Pest of Chilli in Myanmar • Leaf miner • Aphid • White fly • Cut worm • Red spider mite • Thrip Disease of Tomato in Myanmar • Yellow mosaic virus occurs seriously • Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

20. 2016 Project outcomes • Publications, (Journal, booklets, Farmer channel etc.)

22. Four Regions in Myanmar • Light trap & Field scouting /collection • - District:Sagaing • - Research farm: Pangon • Middle region (Light trap) • - District:Naypyitaw • - Department of Agricultural Research : Naypyitaw • Lower region (Light trap) • District: Bago • Research farm: Let Pa Dan • District: Aye Yar Waddy • Research farm: Myaung Mya • Monitoring of RPH with light trap (Executed in four locations), yellow sticky traps (YST) (Executed in six villages), aerial sticky trap and white cloth (size 1mX1.5m) Working sites and Monitoring Methods

23. Research Farm, Pan Gone Working sites Department of Agricultural Research Research Farm, Let Pan Tan Research Farm, Myaung Mya

24. Major Planned Activities • Monitoring of RPH with • light trap ( Four locations) • yellow sticky traps(YST) ( Four locations) • aerial sticky trap and • white cloth (size 1m X 1.5m) • Frequent field visits and searching of virus infected rice plants, transmitted by RPH • Provide training among farmers, • project staffs (on “RPH identification, field surveys and data management”) • Attending annual AFACI-IPM project evaluation and expert workshops held both at home and abroad.

25. Field Survey and Monitoring of RPH population • light traps will be operated from dusk to dawn • The insect pests and natural enemies caught in the trap will be collected, sorted, counted and recorded in the data sheet everyday. • Collected information will be shared with the respective farmers and extension workers to become alert about RPH. Light Trapping

26. Light trap locations and their coordinates in corresponding sites.

27. Yellow Sticky Trap (YST) RPH will be monitored by YST (15.24 x 25.4 cm) Weekly monitoring of field population • Will be started after transplanting • Will continue until the harvest of the rice crop in each season.

28. Monitoring of planthoppers with Aerial Yellow Sticky Trap • The aerial movement of RPH will be monitored at Department of Agricultural Research, Naypyitaw • Duration: Aug. 2016 to July 2017 • The yellow sticky traps (25cm X 35cm) will be placed on the bund of a seedbed and rice field facing all the four directions i.e., North, South, East and West. • Seedbed area is about 600 m2. • The traps are placed 2.44m and 4.88m height in the four directions. • Data on RPH, other insect pest and natural enemies will be recorded every alternate day.

29. Monitoring of RPH using white Cloth (WC)(size 1.0m X 1.5m) • Monitoring of RPH will do after harvest of rice crop. • Off-season activities of RPH will be identified. • Their presence can be seen when the grasses or crop around the white cloth (1.0x 1.5m) are gently shaked, which attracted the insects to white color and settle on it for few minutes. • Provide the information on the presence or absence of RPH in monitoring sites and • Thereby, it leads to appropriate management of RPH.

30. Training on RPH Identification and Their Management • Around 50 Farmers and 20 Staffs will be trained on RPH identification, field surveys, and their management which facilitated the monitoring program in farmers field more successfully. • Farmers will be advised to manage RPH on the basis of ETL and rice crop stage.

31. Expected Outcomes • Seasonal occurrences of RPH (BPH, WBPH & SBPH) are known for premonsoon and monsoon season rice, which is helpful in prediction of outbreaks of these pests. • BPH and WBPH will be identified to be the main causes of hopper burn of rice and both were observed in rice fields as an admixture. • Farmers and Extension personnel in the endemic area will be informed earlier about the incidence of RPH both in premonsoon and monsoon season rice. • These information will suggest them to develop RPH forecasting to rice farmers. • Extension workers can apply suitable management practices to manage RPH at appropriate time. • Farmers and technicians trained on identification, monitoring and data management of RPH which makes the monitoring program more successful. • Management methods for RPH will be shared among member countries through the experts' workshop meeting. • A network on migratory disease and insect pests will be established through AMIVS website. • Species and biotype of rice plant hopper can be known by the result of molecular analysis in NAAS, RDA, Korea. Beneficiaries • Major beneficiaries of this project will be directly to farmers, researchers and extension workers.

32. Discussion and suggestions • Yellow moaic virus are very serious in many crops, Myanmar. • Could not control in timely. • Which one we should control? Vectors or virus? • Virologist are needed in IPM project

33. THANK YOU THANK YOU