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Stars, The Universe and Galaxies

Stars, The Universe and Galaxies. Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2009/07/image/g/results/50/. What are we going to cover?. Classifying Stars History of the Universe Classifying Galaxies. Different types of stars.

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Stars, The Universe and Galaxies

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  1. Stars, The Universe and Galaxies Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2009/07/image/g/results/50/

  2. What are we going to cover? • Classifying Stars • History of the Universe • Classifying Galaxies

  3. Different types of stars Image from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/star%20cluster/globular/2003/21/image/a/results/50/

  4. Types of Stars • Big • Small • Red • Blue • Yellow • In groups

  5. Life Cycle of a star Low mass star Main Sequence Red Giant White dwarf Nebula High-mass star main sequence red supergiant supernova Neutron star / black hole

  6. Magnitude of stars • Absolute Magnitude- a measure of the amount of light a star gives off (luminosity-how bright) • Apparent Magnitude- amount of light received on Earth (the way it appears to us)

  7. What is a “nebula”? • A cloud in space • Made of gas and dust • Can have stars inside • Most of the ones we see are inside our Milky Way Galaxy • Different types Orion image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/results/50/

  8. Large, massive, bright nebulae • Emission Nebula • The hot gas is emitting light Orion image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/results/50/

  9. Colder, darker nebulae Dark dust blocking the hot gas behind it NOAO/AURA/NSF Image from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/dark/2001/12/image/c/results/50/

  10. Young stars and some planets form in nebular cloudfrom Small Magellanic Cloud Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/04/image/a/results/50/

  11. Star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/31/image/a/results/50/

  12. Orion image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/results/50/

  13. Neutron Star or Pulsar Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/supernova-remnant/2002/24/results/50/

  14. Supernova—Massive Star Explodes Images at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/star/supernova/2004/09/results/50/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/supernova-remnant/2005/37/results/50/ http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2009/casa/

  15. Leftovers from an Explosion Supernova remnant (smaller, less gas) Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/supernova-remnant/2005/37/results/50/

  16. H-R Diagram • Indicates differences and relationships between stars • Horizontal axis = surface temp • Vertical axis = Luminosity-absolute magnitude (brightness) • Sun rests in the middle-we use for comparison

  17. Using a Star’s Spectrum • We can use a star’s spectrum to classify it. NOAO/AURA/NSF image at http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap010530.html

  18. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Images from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/spectrum_plants.html and http://sunearthday.gsfc.nasa.gov/2009/TTT/65_surfacetemp.php

  19. Our Sun • Regular/medium sized star • On edge of a disc shaped galaxy (Milky Way) Image at http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011210insidesun.html

  20. Our Sun • On the “Main Sequence”(continuous and distinctive band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness ) • Nuclear Fusion reactions (2 atoms jammed together-energy emitted as light and heat)- converts 600,000,000 tons of hydrogen into helium every second • Many thousands of times closer to Earth than any other star • A planet’s characteristics are often determined by distance from the Sun (ex- rocky, gaseous, temperature)

  21. In a few Billion years… Red Giant Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/26/image/a/

  22. By 5 billion years… White Dwarf Small, but very hot Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/planetary/1998/39/results/50/

  23. Instantaneous filling of space with all matter Building a Universe

  24. What is our Universe made of? • Stars and planets • Gas and dust • Organized into star clusters • Organized into nebulae • Organized into galaxies • Other things: • Black holes • Dark matter • Dark energy Image from http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/astronomy95/orionpleiades.html

  25. When Did the Universe Form? • ~13.7 billion years ago • How do we know? • Spreading (Red Shift) -know distances, rates of retreat, relative positions • Pervasive background radiation of 2.7°C above absolute zero - afterglow of the Big Bang Cosmic background radiation temperature on celestial sphere http://timeline.aps.org/APS/resources/85_06a.jpg

  26. History of the Universe • 10-43 seconds - gravity separates from other forces • 10-35 to 10-32 seconds - fundamental particles - quarks and electrons • 10-6 seconds - quarks combine into protons and neutrons • 1 second - electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces separate • 3 minutes - protons and neutrons combine into atomic nuclei • 105 years - electrons join nuclei to make atoms; light is emitted • 105-109 years - matter collapses into clouds, making galaxies and stars Orion Nebula - http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/planet_form.html

  27. History of the Universe Image from http://dsc.discovery.com/space/top-10/strange-universe/space-10-weirdest-things-universe-10.html

  28. Later History Image at http://www.galex.caltech.edu/media/glx2004-01r_img02.html

  29. Big Bang Theory • In 1915, Albert Einstein concluded that the universe could not be static based on his recently-discovered theory of relativity and added a "cosmological constant" to the theory of relativity because astronomers assured him that the universe was static • Aleksandr Friedmann and Abbe George LeMaitre are credited with developing the basics of the Big Bang model between 1922 and 1927; their calculations suggested that universe is expanding, not static. • Years later, Einstein called his cosmological constant the biggest mistake of his career Image at http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_theory.html

  30. Expanding Universe • In 1929, Edwin Hubble showed that most galaxies are red-shifted (moving away from us), and that a galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its distance (galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast) Image from http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/mysteries_l1/origin_destiny.html

  31. Hubble’s Evidence • Doppler shifting - wavelength emitted by something moving away from us is shifted to a lower frequency • Sound of a fire truck siren - pitch of the siren is higher as the fire truck moves towards you, and lower as it moves away from you • Visible wavelengths emitted by objects moving away from us are shifted towards the red part of the visible spectrum • The faster they move away from us, the more they are redshifted. Thus, redshift is a reasonable way to measure the speed of an object. • When we observe the redshift of galaxies, almost every galaxy appears to be moving away from us – the Universe is expanding.

  32. Origin of the Universe • Data collected (from Hubble Telescope) is used as evidence to help develop scientific theories • Big Bang • Dominant scientific theory about the origin of the universe • Occurred ~13.7 billion years ago

  33. Infinitely dense point not governed by our physical laws or time All matter and energy contained in one point What is the Big Bang? Image from http://www.newscientist.com/articleimages/dn11799/0-did-antimatter-factory-spark-brightest-supernova.html

  34. Predictions for the Big Bang Model The expansion of the Universe • Edwin Hubble's 1929 observation that galaxies were generally receding from us provided the first clue that the Big Bang theory might be right. The abundance of the light elements H, He, Li • The Big Bang theory predicts that these light elements should have been fused from protons and neutrons in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation • The early universe should have been very hot. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang.

  35. Evidence for Big Bang • Red shift - as light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched • In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin that came from all directions at once - radiation left over from the Big Bang • In June 1995, scientists detected helium in the far reaches of the universe - consistent with an important aspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen (75%) and helium (25%) was created at the beginning of the universe

  36. Measuring Distances • What is a Light Year? • A light year is the distance light travels in a year. Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second; • Astronomical Unit:150 million Kilometers • Why do we use light years? • We need numbers that make sense to us in relationship to objects; we scale up and use meters and kilometers for large numbers. • Distances between stars and galaxies • Different wavelengths of Electromagnetic spectrum are used to gain information about distances and properties of components in the universe

  37. What is a “galaxy”? • A large group of stars outside of our own Milky Way • Made of billions to trillions of stars • Also may have gas and dust • Spiral, or elliptical, or irregular shaped Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2007/41/results/50/

  38. Galaxies • come in different sizes (dwarf, large, giant) • come in different shapes and classifications • Spirals • Ellipticals • Irregulars • are fairly close together, relative to their sizes

  39. Elliptical Galaxies Images at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/2007/08/image/a/format/large_web/results/50/and http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/1995/07/results/50/

  40. Elliptical galaxies • range from spherical to football shaped • range from very small to giant • have very little gas or dust • mostly old stars • similar to the central bulge of a spiral galaxy

  41. Spiral galaxy--Andromeda NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0606.html and http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0685.html

  42. Spiral Galaxies • have flat disk, spiral arms, central bulge, and a surrounding halo • some have a “barred” bulge • are fairly large (no dwarf spirals) • have lots of gas and dust and younger stars in their arms, but older stars and little gas or dust in their halos and central bulges

  43. Spiral Galaxy on Edge Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2006/24/image/a/results/50/

  44. Our Galaxy: the Milky Way • has about 200 billion stars, and lots of gas and dust • is a barred-spiral (we think) • about 100,000 light-years wide • our Sun is halfway to the edge, revolving at half a million miles per hour around the center of the Galaxy • takes our Solar System about 200 million years to revolve once around our galaxy

  45. Mapping the Milky Way How do we know what our Galaxy looks like? We can see stars • star clusters • nebulae • Galaxies • Let’s try to Map our Galaxy

  46. The Milky Way Image at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/1945371.html

  47. Irregular Galaxies NASA and NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/irregular/2005/09/results/50/ , http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0560.html , and http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0993.html

  48. Irregular Galaxies • any galaxy that isn’t a Spiral, Elliptical • usually have lots of gas and dust and young stars • may have a distorted shape from interaction with another galaxy

  49. Active galaxy Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2000/37/results/50/

  50. at the center of a large galaxy Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/exotic/black-hole/1998/22/results/20/ and http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/exotic/black%20hole/2000/21/image/a/format/web_print/results/20/

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