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Table 11-1, p. 379

Table 11-1, p. 379. Macrominerals Overall importance in: Maintenance of electrolyte balance Mineralization of bones Enzyme cofactors Muscle contraction Nerve conduction The major macrominerals are:. Table 11-1a, p. 379. Table 11-1b, p. 379. Average absorption about 30%.

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Table 11-1, p. 379

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  1. Table 11-1, p. 379

  2. Macrominerals • Overall importance in: • Maintenance of electrolyte balance • Mineralization of bones • Enzyme cofactors • Muscle contraction • Nerve conduction • The major macrominerals are:

  3. Table 11-1a, p. 379

  4. Table 11-1b, p. 379

  5. Average absorption about 30% Fig. 11-1, p. 381

  6. Table 11-2, p. 382

  7. Extracellular concentrations highly regulated by parathyroid hormone ( bone demineralization), calcitriol (calcium reabsorption), and calcitonin (decrease blood Ca2+) Fig. 11-2, p. 383

  8. Intracellular calcium regulation is through calcium channels; intracellular concentrations are VERY LOW relative to extracellular concentrations Increases in intracellular Ca2+ can act as a second messenger signaling mechanism for many cells; involved in neurotransmitter release and other events Fig. 11-3, p. 384

  9. Table 11-3, p. 387

  10. Deficiency: rickets in children, hypocalcemic tetany, muscle pain, osteoporosis in adults Chronic deficiency associated with hypertension (inversely related), colon cancer (a preventative), and obesity (low calcium yields heavier weight) Toxicity: soft tissue calcification, constipation, kidney stones

  11. Phosphorus Found in: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk and milk products. Nuts, legumes, cereals, and grains (animal sources are better). Most in the form of phytate. Hydrolyzed in the lumen and released as inorganic phosphate; carrier mediated Phytic acid/phytate Fig. 11-7, p. 393

  12. Functions: bone mineralization, in DNA and RNA, in nucleotide triphosphates (ie. ATP), second messenger (cAMP and IP3), phospholipids, as an intracellular buffer Deficiency: rare; anorexia, rickets, skeletal and cardiac myopathy, neurlogic problems Toxicity: rare Table 11-4, p. 394

  13. Table 11-5, p. 398

  14. Vertebral bodies Radius Femoral neck p. 412

  15. Magnesium - ingested with phytate, other food sources • found in dairy products, fish, meat and seafood, as well as in legumes, apples, apricots, avocados, bananas, whole grain cereals, nuts, dark green vegetables, and cocoa, while hard water and mineral water may also supply it in fair quantities • Functions: • Formation of bones and teeth • Aids in absorption of calcium and potassium • As a part of the utilizable form of ATP • Can help prevent kidney stones (along with B12) • Is used for PMS symptoms, migranes, management of premature labor Table 11-5, p. 398

  16. Deficiency symptoms (mainly due to malabsorption, alcoholism): cardiovascular problems, including tachycardia; irritability and seizure; insomnia, poor memory, depression Toxicity: rare; diarrhea and abdominal cramping; kidney failure; coma and death

  17. Sodium • No more than 2,300 milligrams of sodium a day. This is about 1 teaspoon of sodium chloride (salt). To illustrate, the following are sources of sodium in the diet. • 1/4 teaspoon salt = 600 mg sodium • 1/2 teaspoon salt = 1,200 mg sodium • 3/4 teaspoon salt = 1,800 mg sodium • 1 teaspoon salt = 2,400 mg sodium • 1 teaspoon baking soda = 1000 mg sodium • Most diets contain 5X this amount • Sources: • Virtually all processed foods • Absorption: Three mechanisms (at right) • Function: • Water balance; blood pressure • Nerve propagation • Membrane potential

  18. Osteoporosis Prevalence Two Types Diagnosis Who’s at risk? Other risk factors

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