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The base of Turkish Republic is culture! Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK/Founder of Turkish Republic

The base of Turkish Republic is culture! Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK/Founder of Turkish Republic. WATER STRUCTURES FROM HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE PERIODS IN TÜRKİYE . Prof. Dr. N. Orhan BAYKAN Pamukkale University, Engineering Faculty, Dept. of CE, Kınıklı-Denizli, TÜRKİYE .

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The base of Turkish Republic is culture! Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK/Founder of Turkish Republic

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  1. The base of Turkish Republic is culture! Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK/Founder of Turkish Republic

  2. WATER STRUCTURES FROM HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE PERIODS IN TÜRKİYE Prof. Dr. N. Orhan BAYKAN Pamukkale University, Engineering Faculty, Dept. of CE, Kınıklı-Denizli, TÜRKİYE

  3. SOME ANCIENT CITIES IN TÜRKİYE (Öziş 2007)

  4. This presentation scopes Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods only 330 BC, Hellenistic period; 27 BC, Roman Empire Period; Dividing of Roma in 395, Eastern Roma and after a certain period, in 575, Early Byzantine; in 867, Middle Byzantine and after 1025 Late Byzantine Periods up the conquest of Istanbul (Constantinople) by Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Conquerer Sultan Mehmet) in 1453. ALSO BETWEEN 330 BC-1453 (1,8 MILLENIA)

  5. HELLENISTIC ERA (Western Türkiye)

  6. ROMAN EMPIRE

  7. BYZANTINE EMPIRE

  8. AncientCivilisations If we look at what they hydraulically realized, we call them also: THEY HAVE BEEN AT THE SAME TIME HYDRAULIC CIVILISATIONS TOO.

  9. Variouskinds of waterstructures of ancientworldamongthem: Capturing; conveying; lifting; distributing; discharing; gaining place and hygienically making secure the city by covering the creeks; prevent the harbors by diversion the creeks; improving and rehabilitating of shores may be counted.

  10. Amongthebenefitsbystudying of ancientwaterstructuresmay be dominantlycounted as follows: • Support to archeologists • Sustainable protection of remains • Evaluating clues for better design, proper selection of materials, earthquake ressisted shape of building and…

  11. And…INNOVATIVE STUDIES • CLIMATE CHANGE Toobtaininformation/cluesaboutpaleoliticclimatechangealongthenearhistory (tocollectsedimentsamplesfromancientwaterstructures), thustounderstand “whathappened in thepast?, climatologicallyand/orsocially” (andalsowhatmayhappen in future?)

  12. CALIBRATION OF EXISTING AND/OR DEVELOPING NEW METHODS Tocalibrate modern hydrologicalmethodsbyapplyingthemtoancientstructures (e.g., togalleriesortunnels) and/ortodevelopenewmethodsbyexaminingtheexistingone’s on theancientremains.

  13. For instance, Ancient Tunnel “Bezirgan” near to Patara ancient city/Antalya 120 ha ANCIENT TUNNEL

  14. STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF ANCIENT WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING STUDIES IN TÜRKİYE DURING THE PASSED 30 YEARS

  15. The most ancient remains in Türkiye which we for the time being follow up are mostly from 100-300 AD and from Roman Empire.

  16. 22 ancientregions in Türkiye(Umar 1999).

  17. Presentlyknownand/or in literaturecitedancientcities in Türkiye (420) (Umar 1999) 34 36 69 53 27 11 10 2 7 79 41 51

  18. Deeplyand/ormostroughlyinvestigatedcitiesin these 22 AncientRegions in Türkiye are 112. 10 9 1 10 36 7 39

  19. INTERIM CONCLUSION Ifthemapsaboveconsidered, it is seenthat Atmost 1/3 (=112/420=%27) of thewaterstructures of theancientscitiesthatforthe time beingtheirtracesarevisible had to be abledtostudyduringthelast 30 years.

  20. VERIOUS EXAMPLES OF THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN EMPIRE AND BYZANTINE PERIODS UP TO THE CONQUEST OF ISTANBUL (CONSTANTINOPLE) 330 BC- 1453 AD

  21. HELLENISTIC PERIOD Bergama, İzmir/TR; lead pipe with stone connection, Hellenistic Period

  22. HELLENISTIC PERIOD, SMYRNA (İzmir), STONE PIPES OF “MELEZ” SIPHONAGE; 3,3 km long under 155 m water head.

  23. Vize, İstanbul/TR; The longest Roman waterway (242 km)

  24. Aydın/TR; Taşkemer (stone-arch) (Tralles)

  25. Shildfor wronglydescribed “LykianWay” (Waterway) Gelemiş, Kalkan, Antalya/TR; reverse siphon (Patara), Hellenistic-Roman

  26. Aksu, Antalya/TR; aqueduct (Aspendos)

  27. İstanbul/TR; Bozdoğan (Valens) aqueduct

  28. Oymapınar, Manavgat, AlanyaTR; stone caved canal (Side), Roman

  29. Ferhat’s canal in Amasya/TR (ancient name Amasia) Ferhat’s Canal

  30. Araphisar, Çine, Aydın/TR; spring capture structure (Alabanda)

  31. Aksu, Antalya/TR, mountain gallery for water (Perge), Roman

  32. Pamukkale Denizli/TR; water balance structure (Laodiceia), 3th BC

  33. Pamukkale, Denizli/TR; water supply gallery (Hierapolis)

  34. Frontal view Internal view Pamukkale, Denizli/TR; city reservoir (Hierapolis)

  35. Söke, Aydın/TR; baked clay pipes (Priene)

  36. Söke, Aydın/TR; corner fountain (Priene, animation)

  37. Eskihisar, Denizli; Nympheum (Laodiceia, animation)

  38. Aphrodisias Geyre, Karacasu, Aydın/TR, Public bath

  39. LATRINE Operation principle Inside of a latrine house

  40. MAGNESIA, LATRINE, (4th-6thCenturies AD) Before After Computer Animation

  41. Manhole & Cover Hierapolis (Pamukkale), Denizli/TR; sewerage system (aerial view)

  42. Eskihisar, DenizliTR; corner water distribution element (Laodiceia)

  43. Hisarköy, Babadağ/Denizli/TR; sewerage/rainwater cover (Attouda)

  44. Çavdarhisar, Kütahya/TR; Flood Mitigation Structure (Aizanoi)

  45. Entering to Qanat Inside of Qanat Aerial view Qanat

  46. Çevlik, Samandağ, Antakya/TR; creek diversion (Seleucia Pierra)

  47. Bergama/İzmir/TR; creek covering

  48. Datça/Muğla/TR; quay structure (Knidos)

  49. PATARA LIGHTHOUSE, Gelemiş, Kalkan, Kaş/Antalya/TR (The unique example of ancient world)

  50. Cistern “Binbirdirek”, (234 columns, 56*64 m)

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