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Exploring Marine Life Classification: The Kingdoms of Plants and Animals

Dive into the taxonomy of marine life with a detailed look at the classification of organisms in the Plantae and Animalia kingdoms. Learn about diverse species like sea grasses, sponges, jellyfish, and more, and understand the unique traits and characteristics that define them.

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Exploring Marine Life Classification: The Kingdoms of Plants and Animals

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  1. Marine Life

  2. Classification of living organisms • Three domains of Life • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya • Eukaryotic cells with nucleus and membrane: • Includes Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

  3. Domain Eukarya • Protists: • Algae • Photosynthetic • Can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular • Multicellular - “seaweed” – kelp • Unicellular – phytoplankton, produce large amounts of oxygen

  4. Domain Eukarya • Plants • Autotrophic, multicellular • Very few species grow in/near ocean • Sea grasses • Mangroves

  5. Domain Eukarya • Animals • Heterotrophic, multicellular, have motility at some point in life cycle • Wide variety • From simplest of animals (sponges) to most complex (mammals)

  6. Taxonomic classification • Systemized classification of organisms • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • Fundamental unit • Population of genetically similar, interbreeding individuals

  7. Kingdom Plantae • Nonvascular Plants – mosses • Vascular Plants • Seedless Vascular Plants (Spores) – ferns • Seed Vascular Plants • Gymnosperms – “naked” seeds, Spruce Trees • Angiosperms – flowering plants (mangroves and sea grasses, etc.)

  8. Kingdom Animalia • Parazoa – no true tissues • Sponges • Eumetazoa – true tissues • 2 true tissues – simple, no organs; jelly fish, coral • 3 true tissues –all other animals, more complex

  9. Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone Examples: jellyfish, sponges, corals, crabs Spineless creatures Classification Overview Common Invertebrates Kingdom Animalia Phlyum Porifera Cnidaria Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata

  10. Phylum Porifera- Sponge-cells perform all life process without tissue or organs-only contains 2 layers of cells • Phylum: Porifera • Simple heterotrophs with two cell types: • Collar cells have flagella and draw water into the sponge’s central cavity (diagram right) • Epithelial cells line the sponge’s outer surface • Reproduce asexually by budding or sexually by release of sex cells (gametes) into the water • Filter feeders: feed by filtering suspended materials out of water The yellow tube sponge, purple vase sponge, red encrusting sponge and gray rope sponge Photo: NOAA Flagellum Collar cell

  11. Phylum Cnidaria: Jellyfish and Coral-Tissue, no organs- • Cnidarians include corals, anemones, sea fans, and jellyfish • Cnidarian characteristics: • Radial symmetry – they are symmetrical around a single point, like a clock • Two tissue layers separated by a jelly layer (mesoglea) • Nematocysts – structures on their tentacles that have stinging toxins This purple striped jellyfish (Pelagiapanopyra) has a potent sting Photo: NOAA Cnidarian Taxonomy Some Common Classes Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Classes Anthozoa – anemones, Corals Scyphozoa – jellyfish Hydrozoa – fire corals, Portuguese Man-of-War

  12. Some special Cnidarian species profiles Fire coral Class: Hydrozoa Order: Capitata These are in a different class than typical hard corals - you will get a mild burn if you touch them! Portuguese Man-of-War Class: Hydrozoa Order: Siphonophora These are i a different class than jellyfish, they are colonies – specialized polyps Photo: NOAA Photo: NOAA

  13. Phylum Mollusca: Three defining traits • Mollusks include oysters, clams, mussels, conchs, snails, sea slugs, squid and octopuses • Most mollusks have three traits • Mantle: a muscular bag surrounding the gills and other organs for circulation • A muscular foot for movement • A radula: a rough scraping appendage for feeding or protection Mollusca Taxonomy Some Common Classes Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca

  14. Some mollusks Photos: NOAA Foot Spiny oyster Class: Bivalvia Bivalves have two shells and no typical “head” like other mollusks Octopus Class: Cephalopoda The foot of the octopus is divided intoeight arms.

  15. Phylum Athropoda: Superclass/Subphylum Crustacea • Arthropods are land and sea “bugs” • Crustaceans include shrimps, crabs, lobsters, copepods and barnacles • About 1 million species exist • Crustacean characteristics: • Two pairs of antennae • Mandibles for chewing • Hard exoskeleton • Jointed legs Crustacean Taxonomy Some Common Classes Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea

  16. Some common crustaceans Photos: NOAA Rock lobster Sub-phylumCrustacea Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda Copepod Sub-phylumClass Crustacea Copepoda Order Harpacticoida

  17. Phylum Echinodermata: The ocean’s stars • Include sea stars (starfish), sea urchins, sand dollars • Most echinoderms have these traits: • Tube feet for motion • 5 part radical symmetry Echinoderm Taxonomy Some Common Classes Kingdom Animalia Phylum Echinodermata

  18. Some Echinoderms Sea urchin Phylum Class EchinodermataEchinoidea Source: NOAA Sunflower star PhylumEchinodermata Class Asteroidea Order Forcipulatida

  19. Phylum- Chordata • Characteristics: dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits = Vertebrates • Superclass Gnathostoma – jaws • Class Chondrichthyes • Class Osteichthyes • Class Mammalia

  20. Vertebrates • Class Chondrichthyes • Cartilage Skeleton (Not bones) • Sharks, rays

  21. Vertebrates • Class Osteichthyes • Bony fish, ray-finned fish • Great diversity in the ocean! • Large tuna, grouper, sailfish • Flounder • Seahorses • Eels

  22. Vertebrates • Class Mammalia • Hair and mammary glands • Sea otters, pinnepeds (walruses, seals, sea lions), manatees, whales

  23. Classification in the marine environment by habitat and mobility • Plankton (floaters) • Nekton (swimmers) • Benthos (bottom dwellers)

  24. http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/2110315/icephytoplankton-main_Full.jpghttp://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/2110315/icephytoplankton-main_Full.jpg Plankton • Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton • Phytoplankton • Microscopic algae, Autotrophic • Zooplankton • Heterotrophic • Protozoans, tiny animals, larvae of larger animals • Bacterioplankton • Virioplankton • Viruses that infect bacteria and eukaryotic cells

  25. Nekton • Independent swimmers • Most adult fish and squid • Marine reptiles • Marine mammals

  26. Benthos • Epifauna live on surface of sea floor • Infauna live buried in sediments • Nektobenthos swim or crawl through water above seafloor • Most abundant in shallower water

  27. Main divisions of the marine environment • Pelagic (open sea) • Neritic (< 200 m) and oceanic • Benthic (sea floor) • Subneritic and suboceanic • Another classification scheme: • Euphotic • Disphotic • Aphotic

  28. Pelagic environments – Open ocean: Vertical • Epipelagic • Mesopelagic • Bathypelagic • Abyssopelagic Fig. 12.19

  29. Benthic (Ocean Floor) environments – Horizontal • Supralittoral • Transition from land to seafloor • Subneritic(under neritic) • Littoral (intertidal zone) • Sublittoral(shallow tidal zone to 200m) • Suboceanic • Bathyal(200-4,000m) • Abyssal (4000-6000m) • Hadal(below 6000m) Fig. 12.19

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