Plains, Prairie, and Rocky Mountains

1. Plains,Prairie,and Rocky Mountains Plains Culture Area II

2. Basic Types of Plains Cultures Prior to re-introduction of the horse: Two basic types Foot hunters Valley horticulturalists – also hunting After re-introduction of the horse: Three basic types Aboriginal hunters Hunters with farming origins Farmers with farming origins

3. Aboriginal Hunters

4. Farmers With Farming Origins Sedentary Villagers Earthlodges Crops Maize, beans, squash, sunflowers, tobacco Summer hunts Specific subgroups Trade centers tribes from entire region LaVerendrye (1738) noted Mandan trade centers Matrilineal Stratified upper class and commoners

5. Hunters With Farming Origins

6. Rocky Mountains Temporary use Basin, Plateau, Plains Permanent residents ie: “Sheepeater” Shoshone (Tukadika) Adaptations to high mountain ranges Modifications made pre-horse Maintained ties to earlier economies Major groups: Shoshone Ute Crow

7. Ownership of resources Communal to individual Gender roles More dependence Strict gender division Berdache and Manly Hearted Woman Status system Status outside of kinship group Aboriginal hunter groups move away from egalitarian Sodalities for both men and women Mixture of Individualism and Cooperative Ideals Social Changes

8. Warfare Honor and status Bravery Hunting grounds

9. Social and individual rituals Balance and bounty Personal quest Medicine bundles Individually owned Calumet Peace Sharing Responsibility Blended Sun Dance Summer ceremony Community and personal thanks Religion

10. Sweat Lodge Recent resurgence

11. Origin in Great Basin Indian and Buffalo “Return” Whites and Disease “Retreat” Wounded Knee Desperate Prayers Fear and Arrogance Ghost Dance