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Classification

Classification. Write down anything underlined. Terms page 484 & 499. Scientific Names. Man- Homo sapiens means "wise man" Scientists use this to communicate because there are so many common names that are the same for varied things. EXAMPLE: corn - Zea mays

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Classification

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  1. Classification Write down anything underlined • Terms page 484 & 499

  2. Scientific Names • Man- Homo sapiens means "wise man" • Scientists use this to communicate because there are so many common names that are the same for varied things. • EXAMPLE: corn - Zea mays • In Great Britain the common name "corn" refers to wheat, rather than the vegetable that we refer to.

  3. Scientific Names • First Name (Genus)- describes the organism in a general way. •  Second Name (Species)- identifies the exact kind of living thing. • Remember write down anything underlined

  4. Scientific Names • EXAMPLE: Oak = Quercus • Red Oak Willow Oak Genus: Quarcus Quarcus Species: rubra phellos *Red Oak = Quarcus rubra *Willow Oak = Quarcus phellos

  5. Scientific names must conform to a set of rules: • Latin words • Two different organisms, a life form, can not have the same name. • Often a name is picked that describes the appearance.

  6. Scientific names must conform to a set of rules: • Why are the scientific names Latin? • Latin was used first in the academic circle and they wanted to stay consistent. • Rules! • Always capitalize the genus • Always use lowercase for the species • Sometimes genus is abbreviated (EXAMPLE: H. sapiens)

  7. How do Biologist classify organisms? • Physical Appearance • Genetics • Biochemical make-up (Biochemical: the scientific study of the chemical substances and processes of living matter)   • Behavior • these similarities reveal evolutionary relationships!

  8. Classification and Evolution • -Similarity does not guarantee a close relationship. • Dolphin vs. Shark • -Blow hole -Gills • (mammal resp.- replaces nostrils) • -Teeth (small) -Teeth (Big) • -Fins (up and down) -Fins (side to side)

  9. Convergent Evolution • Organisms that look alike because of the environment in which they live in. • *Problem for Taxonomist: • -The organisms look alike, but they do not have the same background. • What must the scientist do? • -They must provide evidence with a hypothesis and testing!

  10. Carl Linnaeus’s Classif. • In the 18th century: Father of Taxonomy • Linnaeus’s classification system included 3 kingdoms Animals, Plants, Minerals. • Today: although there is some debate, the taxonomy includes three domains : • archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. • 6 kingdoms: animals, plants, bacteria, archaea, fungi, & protists.

  11. Six Kingdoms •  Terms page 484 & 499 • Domains & Kingdom Handout use Kingdom Chart page 502

  12. Kingdoms •  Yes, I am the ruler of all of them

  13. 1. Eubacteria (yoo bak TIHR ee uh) “Bacteria” • Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. 

  14. Kingdoms • 1. Eubacteria (yoo bak TIHR ee uh) “Bacteria” • Consists of all prokaryotes : • Prokaryotic cell- lacks a nucleus and organelles. • Bacteria are : • -Unicellular • -Lack membrane-bound organelles • -Lack cell nuclei • -Have more methods of getting nutrients

  15. Kingdoms •  1. Eubacteria (yoo bak TIHR ee uh) “Bacteria” • Some are good & some are bad. • Most eubacteria are helpful.  Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt.  However, these eubacteria, Streptococci pictured below, can give you strep throat!

  16. Kingdoms •   2. Archaea (ar Kee uh)- More ancient than bacteria. • In 1983, scientists took samples from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth’s interior.  To their surprise they discovered unicellular(one cell)organisms in the samples. These organisms are today classified in the kingdom, Archaebacteria.

  17. Finding Archaebacteria:The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaebacteria were discovered. The biologists pictured above are immersing microscope slides in the boiling pool onto which some archaebacteria might be captured for study.

  18. Kingdoms •   2. Archaea (ar Kee uh)- More ancient than bacteria. • More closely related to eukaryotic. • -Eukaryotic cell- contains a nucleus and organelles. • Organelle- like an organ in our body (ex: Heart) has a function (ex: Cell wall, Nucleus) • Can live in extreme environments. • - Boiling hot springs • - Mud of marshes

  19. Kingdoms •   3. Protista “Catch all” • Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. • Protists do not have organs. • There are 3 groups of Protists: • 1. Plant like- Algae, Seaweed/Kelp • 2. Animal like (Protozoans)- Amoeba • 3. Fungus like- Slime molds & Mildew

  20. Kingdoms •   3. Protista “Catch all” • You may be wondering why those protists are not classified in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms.  •  It is because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex cells. Diatom: a mobile plant of microscopic single cell or colonial algae. These delicate looking diatoms are classified in the protist kingdom.

  21. Kingdoms •   4. Fungi “Mushrooms” • Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all • examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi. • Most Multicellular Eukaryote. • Break down food. • Fungi are organisms that biologists once confused with plants, however, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food.   Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil. Some fungi taste great & others can kill you!

  22. Kingdoms •  5. Plantae “Plants” • Multi-cellular photosynthetic organisms:  • 1. Ferns • 2. Trees • 3. Flowers • 4. Moss • In addition plants are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food.

  23. Kingdoms •   6. Animalia “Animals” • Largest # in the ocean • Multi-cellular, non-photosynthetic •  No cell wall •  Must have a nervous system • heterotroph = an organism that feeds on other organisms

  24. Ticket out the Door! Explain why we use classification? The Scientific Name: What does the specie name identify? The Scientific Name: Which part is capitalized? Who is the Father of Taxonomy? What did he create that is still used today? The Kingdom Eubacteria: What bacteria do you find here? The Kingdom Archaea: What bacteria do you find here? What is the difference between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells? What is an Organelle? The Kingdom Protista is known as? Consists of what organisms? The Kingdom Fungi: What are the organisms functions? What is the Kingdom called for plants? What is the Kingdom called for animals?

  25. Lab Activity •   You will ID 30 organisms that represent six Kingdoms. • Each organism has a name taped in front of it. • Some organisms may require a microscope or hand lens • You will get a lab sheet and your notes • After the lab we will go over answers

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