Guide to Reading Main Idea Manifest Destiny is the idea that the United States was meant to extend its borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Section 1-1 Key Terms • joint occupation • emigrant • Manifest Destiny • mountain man • rendezvous Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Sequencing Information As you read Section 1 of your textbook, re-create the diagram on page 356 of your textbook and in the boxes list key events that occurred. Section 1-2 Read to Learn • why large numbers of settlers headed for the Oregon Country. • how the idea of Manifest Destiny contributedto the nation’s growth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Doll owned by a young pioneer Section 1-4 Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.

Rivalry in the Northwest • In the early 1800s, four nations claimed the Oregon Country–the huge area that lay between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains north of California. Section 1-5 • Those nations were the United States, Britain, Spain, and Russia. (pages 356–358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) • The United States wanted to annex the Oregon Country in order to gain access to the Pacific, but this required getting the other three nations to give up their claims. Section 1-6 • Spain’s claim was extinguished in 1819 with the signing of the Adams-Onís Treaty, in which Spain agreed to limit its Pacific coast claims to the area south of California’s northern border. • In 1824 Russia surrendered its claimto any land south of Alaska. (pages 356–358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) • Britain refused to give up its claim to Oregon when President John Quincy Adams proposed dividing Oregon at the 49th parallel in 1825. Section 1-7 • As a result, the United States and Britain agreed to extend an 1818 agreement for joint occupation of the area. (pages 356–358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) • The first Americans to reach the Oregon country were trappers and traders looking for beaver furs. Section 1-8 • Because they spent much of their time hunting and trapping in the Rocky Mountains, they were often called mountain men. • The mountain men lived a rough life, but their wanderings through the wilderness made them very familiar with the mountains, rivers, and trails of the West. (pages 356–358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) • Some mountain men opened up new trails through the wilderness. Section 1-9 • After most of the beavers were gone due to extensive hunting, mountain men found new work leading groups of settlers to the West. (pages 356–358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) Section 1-10 Why was Britain’s refusal to give up its claim to Oregon an obstacle for the United States? Why did Britain want to compete with the United States for Oregon? As long as Britain maintained its claimto Oregon, the United States could not annex the territory. The British had several trading posts in the area and valued the region for its many resources. (pages 356–358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Settling Oregon • American settlers began traveling to the Oregon Country in the 1830s, lured by reports of abundant, fertile land. Section 1-11 • In the years that followed, tens of thousands of Americans made the trip. (page 358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Settling Oregon (cont.) • Among the earliest American settlers in Oregon were Dr. Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa. Section 1-12 • They built a Christian mission among the Cayuse people. • Some settlers at the mission unknowingly infected the Cayuse with measles, which killed many of their children. • Angered, the Cayuse attacked the mission in November 1847, killing the Whitmans and several others. • But this tragedy did not stop the flow of settlers to Oregon. (page 358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Settling Oregon (cont.) • Pioneers headed for Oregon began their trip in Missouri and traveled for 2,000 miles along the Oregon Trail. Section 1-13 • The trail crossed the Great Plains, wound its way through the Rocky Mountains following the South Pass, then followed the Snake and Columbia Rivers into the Oregon Country. • Most Oregon-bound settlers traveled in canvas-covered wagons called prairie schooners. (page 358) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Settling Oregon (cont.) Section 1-14 You are living during the early 1840s. You hear that there is cheap, fertile land for the taking in Oregon. Your family might prosper in Oregon. But you will have to travel more than 2,000 miles through the wilderness to get there–and you are not sure what you will find if you make it. Would you leave your home and family behind and take a chance? Explain your answer. (page 358)

The Division of Oregon • Most Oregon settlers headed for the fertile Willamette Valley, south of the Columbia River. Section 1-15 • Between 1840 and 1845, the population of American settlers in the area rose from 500 to 5,000. • The British population remained at about 700. (pages 359–360) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Division of Oregon (cont.) • While settlers were streaming into Oregon in the 1840s, the idea of Manifest Destiny was taking hold in the United States. Section 1-16 • It held that the United States was blessed by God and destined to overspread the North American continent and expand its boundaries to the Pacific. • The idea of Manifest Destiny made Americans, including those who emigrated to Oregon, more determined than ever to annex the Oregon Country and remove Britain’s claim. (pages 359–360) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Division of Oregon (cont.) • Oregon became an issue in the presidential election of 1844. • James K. Polk, the Democratic candidate, ran using the slogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.” • The slogan referred to the line of latitude at 54°40’N, which Democrats thought should be the nation’s northern border in Oregon. • Polk’s opponent, Henry Clay (a Whig), did not take as strong a stand as Polk on annexing Oregon, and lost the election. Section 1-17 (pages 359–360) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Division of Oregon (cont.) • Determined to make Oregon part of the United States, but unable to get Britain to agree to a boundary at 54°40’N–which would have turned over almost the whole territory to the United States–Polk decided to compromise. Section 1-18 • Polk concluded an agreement with Britain in June 1846 that split Oregon at 49°N, with the area south of that line becoming a territory of the United States. (pages 359–360) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Division of Oregon (cont.) Section 1-19 Do you think the idea of Manifest Destiny would have affected the way the United States dealt with other nations or people other than Americans in the mid-1800s? What effect do you think it would have had? Possible answer: The idea of a God-given right to expand the borders of the United States could have made the American government arrogant in dealing with other nations and unwilling to allow any nation or any people, such as Native Americans, to stand in the way of expansion. (pages 359–360) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. a meeting __ 2. the possession and settlingof an area shared by two ormore countries __ 3. the idea popular in the UnitedStates during the 1800s thatthe country must expand itsboundaries to the Pacific __ 4. a frontiersman living in the wilderness, as in the Rocky Mountains __ 5. a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere A. joint occupation B. mountain man C. rendezvous D. emigrant E. Manifest Destiny C Section 1-20 A E B D Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Checking for Understanding Reviewing Facts Name the four countries that claimed parts of the Oregon Country. Section 1-21 The United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Russia claimed parts of the Oregon Country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Reviewing Themes Economic Factors How did the fur trade in Oregon aid Americans who began settling there? Section 1-22 Fur trappers and traders served as guidesto lead parties of settlers west. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical Thinking Making Generalizations How did the idea of Manifest Destiny help Americans justify their desire to extend the United States to the Pacific Ocean? Section 1-23 Many Americans believed that it was the destiny or mission of the United States to spread freedom by occupying the North American continent. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Analyzing Visuals Picturing History Study the painting on page 359 of your textbook. Do you think it provides a realistic portrayal of the journey west? Section 1-24

Guide to Reading Main Idea Texans won their independence from Mexico and asked to be admitted to the United States. Section 2-1 Key Terms • Tejano • decree • annex • empresario Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Sequencing Information As you read Section 2 of your textbook, re-create the diagram on page 362 of your textbook and, in the boxes, list key events that occurred in Texas. Section 2-2 Read to Learn • why problems arose between the Mexican government and the American settlers in Texas. • how Texas achieved independence and later became a state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Davy Crockett Section 2-4 Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.

A Clash of Cultures • In the early 1800s, few people lived in Texas, which was part of Mexico’s northern frontier. Section 2-5 • But the Spanish, who controlled Texas, wanted to promote settlement there. • As a result, they offered huge tracts of land to people, called empresarios,who offered to bring families to Texasand settle them there. (pages 362–365) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) • The first Texas land grant went to Moses Austin in 1821. Section 2-6 • He agreed to bring a number of settlers to Texas, but died before he could organize the project. • After Moses died, his son Stephen F. Austin recruited 300 settlers to live on land along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in Texas. (pages 362–365) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) • Mexico wanted to encourage settlers from many places, not just the United States, to settle in Texas. Section 2-7 • To attract new settlers, Mexico passed laws giving cheap land to people who promised to learn Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and obey Mexican law. • But most Texas settlers continued to be Americans who declined to adopt Mexican ways. (pages 362–365) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) • By 1830 there were more Americans than Mexicans in Texas. Section 2-8 • Alarmed by the number of Americans, and aware that the United States wanted to acquire Texas, Mexico forbade further immigration from the United States to Texas, and discouraged trade with the United States by taxing American goods. (pages 362–365) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) • Texans were angered by the ban on American immigration and the taxes on trade. Section 2-9 • Stephen F. Austin went to Mexico City to ask Mexico’s president, Antonio López de Santa Anna, to remove the settlement ban and make Texas a separate state. • He agreed to the first demand but not the second. (pages 362–365) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) • Soon thereafter, Santa Anna declared himself dictator and overthrew Mexico’s 1824 constitution. Section 2-10 • These actions encouraged an increasing number of American settlers in Texas to seek independence. (pages 362–365) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Section 2-11 Why, after first encouraging American settlement in Texas, did the Mexican government decide to stop Americansfrom settling in the area? The combination of the large number of Americans flooding into Texas and the knowledge that the United States wanted to acquire Texas made the Mexican government fear that it would lose control of Texas if American immigration was not cut off. (pages 362–365) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The Struggle for Independence • The first fight of the Texan Revolution occurred in October 1835 at the town of Gonzales. Section 2-12 • After this skirmish, Texans asked for volunteers to help them fight Mexico. • In December the Texans scored their first important victory as they liberated San Antonio from a larger Mexican force. (pages 365–367) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Struggle for Independence(cont) • Santa Anna, furious at the loss of San Antonio, marched north to retake the settlement and found only a small force barricaded inside a nearby mission called the Alamo. Section 2-13 • The defenders at the Alamo, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, held off with rifle fire the larger and better-armed Mexican force for 12 days. (pages 365–367) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Struggle for Independence(cont) • On March 6, 1836, after Mexican cannon fire smashed the Alamo’s walls, Mexicans soldiers attacked, killing almost everyone inside. Section 2-14 • “Remember the Alamo” became a rallying cry for Texas rebels during the rest of the war with Mexico. (pages 365–367) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Struggle for Independence(cont) • The siege of the Alamo bought the Texas rebels time. Section 2-15 • While Santa Anna was preoccupied with the band of rebels at the Alamo, American settlers and Tejanos declared the independent Republic of Texas and named Sam Houston chief of the Texas forces. (pages 365–367) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Struggle for Independence(cont) • At the Battle of San Jacinto, the forces of Houston and Santa Anna clashed. Section 2-16 • The battle started on April 21, 1836, when the Texans launched a surprise attack on the Mexican camp. • They killed about 600 of the 1,300-man force, and captured 700 other soldiers, including Santa Anna. • After less than one year of fighting, the war was over. (pages 365–367) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Struggle for Independence(cont) • Santa Anna signed a treatyrecognizing the independenceof Texas on May 14, 1836. Section 2-17 (pages 365–367)

The Struggle for Independence(cont) Section 2-18 Why did “Remember the Alamo” become a rallying cry for Texas rebels? What did they mean when they shouted this slogan? The Texans were angered and upset by the loss of life at the Alamo. Texas rebels used the deaths of their friends and fellow soldiers at the Alamo as inspiration to fight harder against Mexico for independence and to avenge those deaths. (pages 365–367) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The Lone Star Republic • In September 1836, Texans elected Sam Houston the first president of their new republic. • Houston sent a delegation to Washington to ask President Andrew Jackson to annex Texas. But Jackson refused. • Texas would enter the Union as a slave state, which would upset the balance of free states and slave states in Congress at the time. • Jackson did not want to open up that conflict, even to get Texas. (pages 367–368) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

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