1. THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS Takenfrom: Heinz J. Giegerich. EnglishPhonology . AnIntroduction. (2005) Cambridge UniversityPress. U.K. by Marcelo Andrade

2. Mostspeechisproducedbyan air streamthatoriginates in thelungs and ispushed up throughthetrachea and the oral and nasal cavities.

4. Duringitspassage, the air streamismodifiedbythevariousorgans of speech. Eachsuchmodifocation has differentacousticeffects, which are usedforthedifferentiation of sounds. • Theproduction of speechsoundsmaybedividedintofourseparatebutinterrelatedprocesses:

5. Initiationprocess • Phonationprocess • Oro-nasal process • Articulation

6. Theinitiationprocess 1 • In English (and mostotherlanguages), allspeechsoundsrequire a pulmonic (lung) air streamfortheirproduction. Theairstreamusedforspeechisalwaysmovingout of thelungs and up tothetrachea Pulmonicegressive air stream

7. 2 Thephonationprocess • At theupperend of thetrachea, the air passesthroughthelarynx. Thelarynxcontainsthe vocal folds. Thespacebetweenthe vocal foldsiscalledglottis. Thisiswheretheprocess of phonationoccurs. Glottis

8. 2 Thephonationprocess • The vocal folds can bemanipulatedbythe speaker and broughtintodifferent positions: • Narrowglottis. Whenthe vocal folds are broughttogether in such a waythatonly a narrowspaceisleftforthe air topassthrough, thepassage of air makesthemvibrate. Theresultingsoundwavescharacterisevoicedsounds.

9. 2 Thephonationprocess • Open glottis. Thisisthestate of theglottis in normal breathing, as well as in theproduction of voicelesssounds.

10. 2 Thephonationprocess • Open glottis. Thisisthestate of theglottis in normal breathing, as well as in theproduction of voicelesssounds.

11. 2 Thephonationprocess • Closedglottis:Thevocal folds are broughttogether so that no air can passbetweenthem. Theresultingsoundiscalledglottal stop. In someaccents of English, theglottal stop can replacethesound /t/ in wordslikefootball, bottle, bit, etc. Clickheretowatch a video abouttheproduction of a glottal stop

12. 3 Theoro-nasal process • Afterthe air passesthroughthelarynx, it can goeitherintothe oral cavityorintothe nasal cavity.

13. 4 Thearticulationprocess • Afterthe air goesintoeither of thesecavities, thedifferentarticulatorsmodifythe air streamto produce thedifferentEnglishconsonants. • Forexample, whenproducingthesound /p/, thelips come together and andthe air isrelasedwith a puff of air. Whenproducingthe /m/ the air isreleasedthroughthe nasal cavity. In thesamewaywe use thedifferentarticulatorsto produce differentsounds.