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European Explorers

European Explorers. 1450-1750. European Exploration. Portuguese exploration Prince Henry of Portugal determined to increase Portuguese influence Portuguese mariners emerged as the early leaders; result will be global trade. European Exploration.

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European Explorers

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  1. European Explorers 1450-1750

  2. European Exploration • Portuguese exploration • Prince Henry of Portugal determined to increase Portuguese influence • Portuguese mariners emerged as the early leaders; result will be global trade

  3. European Exploration • Slave trade expanded in the 15th c.- Portuguese traders ventured down the west coast of Africa and traded guns and textiles for gold and slaves

  4. Indian Ocean Trade • Portuguese search for sea toute Cape of Good Hope, entered the Indian Ocean, 1488 • Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, returned to Lisbon with huge profit • Portuguese ships with cannons launched European imperialism in Asia

  5. Christopher Columbus • 1492, led three ships to the Caribbean Sea, believed he was near Japan • Result– increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade

  6. Ferdinand Magellan • Portuguese navigator, in service of Spain • Crossed both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 1519-1522 • 1 ship of 5 completed the circumnavigation of world; Magellan died in conflict in Philippines

  7. Captain James Cook • 1728-1779 • British explorer • Went to Australia • By late 18th century, Europeans had reasonably accurate geographic knowledge of the world

  8. Motives for exploration • 3 Gs • God, Gold, and Glory • Missionary efforts of European Christians • New Testament urged Christians to spread the faith throughout the world • Crusades and hold wars against Muslims in early centuries • Reconquista (Christians removing Muslims) of Spain inspired Iberian crusaders

  9. Motives for Exploration • Direct trade without Muslim intermediaries– Asian spices and African gold, ivory, slaves • Honor and power

  10. Technology • Technology of exploration enabled European mariners to travel offshore • Caravel- fast, maneuverable ship with a sternpost and astrolabe (determines latitude) • Knowledge of winds and currents enables Europeans to travel reliability • Trade winds north and south of the equator • Regular Monsoons in Indian Ocean basin • Volta do mar- navigational technique by Portuguese navigators based on ocean circulations

  11. Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia • Trading-post empires • Portuguese build more than fifty trading posts between west African and east Asia • English and Dutch established parallel trading posts in Asian coasts

  12. Trade and Conflict • European conquests in southeast Asia • Spanish conquest of the Philippines, 1565 • Conquest of Java by the Dutch (1825)

  13. Trade and Conflict • Commercial rivalries and the Seven Years’ War • Global competition and conflict • Dutch forces expelled most Portuguese merchants from southeast Asia • Conflict between England and France merchants over control of Indian cotton and tea in early 18th century • Competition in the Americas among English, French, and Spanish forces

  14. Conflict • Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) • British and Prussians, against France, Austria, and Russia (fought in Europe, India, Caribbean, and North America) • Outcome: British hegemony (leadership or dominance by one country or social group over others) • British gained control of India, and Canada • War paved the way for the British empire in the nineteenth century

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