CH. 18-4 PEACE WITHOUT VICTORY

1. CH. 18-4 PEACE WITHOUT VICTORY AMERICAN HISTORY

2. THE FOURTEEN POINTS • The scale of destruction and massive loss of life was shocking • President Wilson wanted a “just and lasting peace” to ensure a war like this would never happen again • President Wilson outlined his vision of world peace in a speech January 1918 • The Fourteen Points: • 1) open diplomacy • 2) freedom of the seas • 3) removal of trade barriers • 4) reduction of military arms

3. 5) a fair system to resolve disputes over colonies • 6-13) dealt directly with SELF-DETERMINATION (the right of people to decide their own political status • 14) called for establishment of LEAGUE OF NATIONS • Organization of nations that would work together to settle disputes, protect democracy, and prevent future wars.

4. The Fourteen Points expressed a new philosophy for US foreign policy • Foreign policy of a democratic nation should be based on morality—not just on what was best for that nation

5. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE • President Wilson led a group of negotiators from the USA to Paris in January 1919 • This made Wilson the first US President to visit Europe while in office • THE CONFERENCE OPENS • January 12, 1919 • Leaders from 32 nations (3/4 of world population)

6. Leaders from the Allies dominate negotiations • President Wilson, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando • These people became known as the BIG FOUR • Germany and other Central Powers nations were not allowed to participate

7. CONFLICTING NEEDS • Delegates had different needs and desires • President Wilson wanted a better world • Other leaders wanted to punish Germany • THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES • Peace treaty presented to Germany in May 1919 • Final treaty was more harsh that Wilson wanted

8. Germany had to: • --disarm its military • --pay REPARATIONS (money for damages and expenses caused by the war) • This amount far exceeded what Germany could afford to pay • --accept sole responsibility for the war • Treaty of Versailles signed June 28, 1919

9. THE FIGHT OVER THE TREATY • Wilson presented the treaty to the Senate in July 1919 • 3 groups of senators emerged: • --democrats that wanted immediate ratification • --”irreconcilables”—people that urged rejection of the League of Nations • --”reservationists”—would ratify only if changes were made • Wilson traveled 8,000 miles in 22 days and gave 32 speeches in support of the treaty

10. Sept. 25, 1919—Wilson collapses in Pueblo, CO after giving a speech • Wilson suffered a stroke in early October and never did fully recover • Wilson left office in 1921 • USA signed separate treaties with Austria, Hungary, Germany • The USA never did join the League of Nations

11. THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR I • Combat, disease, and starvation killed more than 14 million people • 7 million men were permanently disabled • The war cost more that $200 billion • POLITICAL IMPACT • War led to the overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire

12. The war contributed to the rise of the Bolsheviks to power in Russia in 1917 • ECONOMIC IMPACT • The demand for consumer goods increased after the war • This led to inflation • Many Americans struggled to afford ordinary, day-to-day items

13. Farmers lost money when they didn’t need to produce food items for the war effort • SOCIAL IMPACT • More than a million women entered the workforce • Their service contributed to the passage of the XIXth Amendment in 1919 • The war encouraged African Americans to move to northern cities seeking factory work

14. IMPACT IN EUROPE • European nations had lost an entire generation of young men • France was in ruins • G.B. was deeply indebt to the USA • The war reparations imposed on Germany were crippling • WWI would not be the “war to end all wars” because too many issues remained unsolved

15. Too much anger and hostility remained among nations • THE END