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Ch. 4 and 18

Ch. 4 and 18. Cellular Metabolism and Nutrition. Metabolism. Metabolism - Sum total of chemical reactions within a cell. All of the chemical reactions within your body. 2 Types of Metabolic Reactions.

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Ch. 4 and 18

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  1. Ch. 4 and 18 Cellular Metabolism and Nutrition

  2. Metabolism • Metabolism - Sum total of chemical reactions within a cell. • All of the chemical reactions within your body.

  3. 2 Types of Metabolic Reactions • Anabolism - (anabolic metabolism) - Metabolic process by which larger molecules are synthesized/made from smaller ones. • Dehydrationsynthesis • Something is being removed……. • Something is being made… water

  4. Joining monosaccharides (glucose) to form polysaccharides (glycogen). • Joining glycerol and fatty acids to form fat molecules. • Joining amino acids to form proteins. Monomers = smaller molecules Polymers = larger molecules

  5. 2 Types of Metabolic Reactions Continued • Catabolism - (catabolic metabolism) - Metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones. • Hydrolysis Something is being broken down Water is added

  6. Breaking down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. • Breaking down fats into glycerol and fatty acids. • Breaking down proteins into amino acids. Monomers – Smaller molecules/building blocks Polymers – Bigger molecules

  7. Metabolism Animation • Dehydration and Hydrolysis: • Remember dehydration forms or releaseswater to build molecules and Hydrolysissplits or uses water to break molecules down. https://sites.google.com/site/biologymolecules/dehydration-sythesis-vs-hydrolysis http://apchute.com/dehydrat/dehydrat.html http://resource.rockyview.ab.ca/t4t/bio20/mm/m7/hydrolysis/Bio20_Hydrolysis_Final.swf http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/Make%20and%20Brake%20Em.htm

  8. Enzyme Action • Enzymes are special proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. • They are highly specific.Work only on specific substrates • The substances that they work on are called substrates. • Substrates bind at the enzymes active site.

  9. The enzyme and the substrate fit together like 2 puzzle pieces or like a lock and a key – often referred to as the ‘lock and key complex’.

  10. Enzyme catalysis • Substrate + enzyme  Enzyme substrate complex  Product (changed substrate)  Enzyme (unchanged)

  11. Enzyme Catalysis • Speed of the enzyme action depends on the concentration of the enzyme and substrate. • As enzyme concentration increases, enzyme activity will increase to a point. • As substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity will increase to a point.

  12. Metabolic Pathways • Sequences of enzyme-controlled reactions that lead to the synthesis (making) or breakdown of particular biochemicals.

  13. Coenzymes • Coenzymes are non-protein substances (such as vitamins) that either aid in enzyme activity, or are required for the enzyme to function properly.

  14. Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity • Excessive temperatures (too hot or too cold) • Radiation • Electricity • Certain Chemicals • Extreme pH values

  15. Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity Continued • If the enzyme becomes denatured, it will no longer work. • Ex. Frying an egg • The active site is no longer functional. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/images/phact.gif

  16. At high temperatures the enzyme changes shape (denatures) and cannot function anymore. https://lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

  17. Energy for Metabolic Reactions • Energy - the capacity for doing work. • ATP - energy rich molecule in cells that powers cellular activities.

  18. ATP • ATP consists of 3 parts • a sugar (ribose) • a base (adenine) • 3 phosphate groups Energy is stored in the bonds that hold the phosphates together.

  19. Adenosine Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Adenosine Phosphate Phosphate • Energy is stored in the ATP molecule • ATP: adenosine triphosphate High-energy bond: Stores much energy *This energy is released when the bond is broken* Energy

  20. ATP To release the stored energy, the last phosphate is removed and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + a phosphate group is formed.

  21. ATP P + Energy released Phosphate Energy stored ADP Energy ‘cycle’

  22. ATP • Energy from cellular respiration is used to synthesize more ATP by adding the phosphate group back to ADP - • This is known as phosphorylation.

  23. Cellular Respiration • The process that releases energy from molecules of glucose and makes it available for cellular use. (In the form of ATP). • Includes 2 pathways • Aerobic - requires oxygen. • Anaerobic - no oxygen required.

  24. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis - happens in the cytoplasm. (1st stage for aerobic and anaerobic reactions.) • Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) - happens in mitochondria. (aerobic only) • Electron Transport chain - happens in the mitochondria. (aerobic only)

  25. Cellular Respiration… 3 main stages 1 Glycolysis – in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle In the mitochondriol matrix 2. 3. ETC On the inner membrane

  26. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis- happens in the cytoplasm. (1st stage for aerobic and anaerobic reactions.)

  27. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)- happens in mitochondria. (aerobic only) Will go through 2x

  28. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration • Electron Transport chain- happens in the mitochondria. (aerobic only)

  29. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

  30. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.htmlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

  31. (Aerobic) ATP Glucose Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water

  32. Read through this section and complete the writing prompt for today Nutritional Requirements Carbohydrates • Energy stored in their chemical bonds used to power cellular processes. • Sources include: • Polysaccharides - grains, vegetables, meat. • Disaccharides - milk sugar, cane sugar, molasses. • Monosaccharides - fruit and honey. • Requirements - at least 125-175 grams daily. • Will differ based upon activity level.

  33. Nutritional Requirements Lipids • Supply energy and help build cellular structures. • Sources include: • Triglycerides: plant and animal based foods. • Saturated fats - mainly animal origin - meat, eggs, milk, lard, (coconut and palm oil) • Unsaturated fats - plant origin - seeds, nuts, and plant oils. • Requirements - Not more than 30% of daily calorie intake should come from fat.

  34. Nutritional Requirements Proteins • Amino acids from dietary proteins are used to form new proteins such as enzymes. • Can be used to supply energy. • Sources include: • Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, eggs, cereal. • We cannot synthesize 8 amino acids needed to build proteins, therefore we must get these from our diet. These are essential amino acids. • Requirements: • About 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight.

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