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The Revolution. Times That Try Men’s Souls. November 16, 1776 With the fall of Fort Washington, Greene the commander of Fort Lee is ordered to withdraw. November 20, 1776 Howe ordered Cornwallis to move against Fort Lee on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. December 19, 1776
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Times That Try Men’s Souls November 16, 1776 With the fall of Fort Washington, Greene the commander of Fort Lee is ordered to withdraw. November 20, 1776 Howe ordered Cornwallis to move against Fort Lee on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. December 19, 1776 British forces go into winter quarters in New Jersey – Hessians at _______ and the British at _________
Times That Try Men’s Souls Thomas Paine: The _____________ _______ December 19, 1776 These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. … Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.
Advantages British believed: a large ___________ ___________ existed, and the __________ __________ would be their allies.
Phases of the Revolution Five Phases of the Revolution • Popular Uprising: April 1775 to July 1776 • Northern Offensives: July 1776 to October 1777 • Turning Point: Late Fall 1777 to Early Spring 1778 • Southern Offensives: 1778 to October 1781 • Peace Negotiations: October 1781 to September 1781
Popular UprisingApril 1775 to July 1776 • British goal: _________ _________ __________ • American goal: Turn popular revolt into __________ ___________ KEY EVENTS: • Lexington & Concord (April 19, 1775) • Bunker (Breed’s) Hill (June 1775) • British evacuate Boston (March 1776) • Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
Northern OffensivesJuly 1776 – October 1777 • British goals: Destroy __________ ____; isolate radicals of New England. • American goals: Protect weak forces by ______; local counterattacks when advantageous KEY EVENTS: • The New York Campaign (July – Oct., 1776) • Trenton (Dec. 25, 1776) • British capture Philadelphia (Sept. 1777) • Battle of Saratoga (Oct. 1777)
Strategy of Attrition • Gradual wear down and weaken the enemy • Long lines of communication/supply for English • Popular English resolve is weak • English has enemies in Europe
Saratoga British forces move south from Canada in an effort to finally an conclusively cut off New England. Battle of Freeman’s Farm on September 19, 1777 halts the British advance while inflicting serious casualties forcing the British commander to establish a defense behind redoubts. American General Benedict Arnold relieved of his command after the battle. Battle of Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777 results in a solid victory for American forces. Benedict Arnold returns to the battlefield despite his earlier relief. British troops attempt to retreat north but are cut off and surrounded. October 17, 1777 – with supplies running out, with a large number of wounded and with winter approaching British General Burgoyne surrenders his entire force ending the threat in the north.
Valley ForgeFall 1777 – Spring 1778 Entering Valley Forge: Had experienced many setbacks Times that tried men souls Some success Untrained and largely undisciplined Following Valley Forge: Trained, Disciplined Force Treaty of Alliance Commissary
Southern OffensiveEarly 1778 - October 1781 • British goals: Subdue the _____; coordinate with British troops in __________ __________ • American goals: Use ______ ______ to weaken British; wait for __________ __________ for decisive blow KEY EVENTS: • British capture Savannah (Dec. 1779) • British capture Charleston (May 1780) • After initial success Cornwallis force to retreat toward Virginia • Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown (Oct. 1781)
Bernardo de Gálvez Prior to Spain’s official entry into the American Revolution Gálvez corresponded with Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and Charles Henry Lee and received emissaries from them. Gálvez secured the port of ____ _______ allowing only Spanish, French and American vessels to navigate the _________ _____ permitting access to arms, ammunition, military supplies, and money by the Americans. Spain declared war on England in June 1779.
Bernardo de Gálvez With supply a problem, between 1779 and 1782 10,000 cattle were rounded up on ranches belonging to citizens and missions of ____ and ________ and Texas rancheros and their vaqueros trailed these herds to Nacogdoches, Natchitoches, and Opelousas for distribution to Gálvez's forces. In the fall of 1779 Gálvez advanced and defeated the British in battles at Manchac, Baton Rouge, and Natchez. On March 14, 1780, after a month-long siege with land and sea forces, Gálvez, with over 2,000 men, captured the British stronghold of Fort Charlotte at Mobile. On May 10, 1781 Gálvez completed the Gulf Coast campaign by forcing the surrender of Fort George at ____________. On May 8, 1782 Gálvez and his Spanish forces captured the British naval base in the Bahamas at New Providence. Following the war Gálvez helped draft the terms that ended the war and was cited by the American Congress for his aid during the war.
Southern OffensiveEarly 1778 - October 1781 Charles Town Camden ______ _________ Backwoods Scots and Irish defeat loyalist forces Cowpen’s _______ ___________ _______ __________ proved to be the highwater mark of British military operations in the Southern Campaign. Weakened by his campaign against Greene, Cornwallis abandoned the Carolinas hoping for success in Virginia. Wilmington Yorktown
Peace NegotiationsOctober, 1781 – September, 1783 • British Goals: ______ _____ _____ • American Goals: Contain British garrisons; attack British shipping KEY EVENTS: • Treaty of Paris (Sept. 1783)
