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Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction

Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction. Objectives: Identify different types of cell division Differentiate between a gene, a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid. Be able to compare haploid and diploid cells Predict how mutations at the chromosome level can affect development.

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Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction

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  1. Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Objectives: Identify different types of cell division Differentiate between a gene, a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid. Be able to compare haploid and diploid cells Predict how mutations at the chromosome level can affect development.

  2. About 2 trillions cells are produced by an adult human body every day What are some of the reasons why cells need to divide in our bodies?

  3. Why do cells reproduce • For growth • Repair • And reproduction

  4. There are Two Types of Cell Division • Mitosis • Makes new somatic cells (body cells) • These cells are used for Growth and Repair of tissues • Meiosis • Makes germ cells or gametes ( egg and sperm) • These cells are used for reproduction

  5. There are 5 stages of Mitosisplus Cytokinesis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and, Cytokinesis

  6. Interphase Cell grow and carries out if normal cell processes DNA Replicates

  7. Prophase • Nuclear membrane disintegrates • Nucleolus (nuclear membrane) disappears • Chromosomes condense • Mitotic spindle begins to form between the poles

  8. Spindle ApparatusIncludes • Centrioles: Located at the poles of the cell, and send out spindle fibers. • Spindle fibers: attach to the centremere of each sister chromatid, in order to pull them apart. The spindle apparatus ensure that each new cell receives 1 full copy of the genetic material ↑Centromere ↑Spindle fiber Centrioles →

  9. Metaphase • Chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle and align along the metaphase plate (the equator of the cell).

  10. Anaphase • Microtubules shorten, moving chromosomes to opposite poles

  11. Telophase • Chromosomes reach poles of cell. • Nuclear envelope re-forms. • Nucleolus reappears. • Chromosomes decondense.

  12. Cytokinesis Plant Cells Cell plate forms dividing daughter cells Animal Cells Cleavage furrow forms at equator of cell and pinches inward until cell divides in two Cleavage → Furrow

  13. The result is two identical daughter cellsThat are Diploid (having 2 copies of each chromosome).

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