1. Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory

2. General Plan • 1960s Many models of memory proposed • Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal Model • Sensory Memory • Short-term Memory • Long-term Memory

3. William James • Primary Memory • Secondary Memory

4. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

5. STM Bottleneck Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Long-Term Memory

6. Properties of the Different Memory Stores

7. Characteristics of the Memory Stores

8. Research on the A & S Model • Serial Position Effect • Recency Effect • Kintsch & Buschke (1969) • Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence

9. Selective Attention (Dichotic Listening Task) • Shadowing • Irrelevant Channel • Cocktail Party Effect - Morray (1959) • Wood and Cowan (1995) • Treisman (1960)

10. Serial Position Effect Demo

11. Serial Position Effect Graph Primacy Effect Recency Effect

12. Rundus (1971)

13. Questions • How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS? • How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?

14. Eliminating the Recency Effect

15. Other Evidence: Kintsch & Bushchke (1969)

16. Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction • H.M. - Epileptic - Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus - STM ---> LTM disrupted • K.F. - Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex - LTM Normal - STM capacity severely limited

17. Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction The dog bit the man and the man died. vs. The man the dog bit died.

18. Evidence Against A & S • More recent research challenges the strict coding distinction • Recency Effect challenged • Neuroscience evidence

19. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

20. The Sensory Store

21. Lightning

22. Lightning Demo

23. Lightning Questions

24. Sensory Memory • Sensory memory or sensory register • Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell • Relatively raw, unprocessed form

25. Why Do We Need Sensory Memory? • Stimuli change • Maintain for selection and further processing • Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single unitary perception

26. Classic Studies • Sperling (1960) • Averbach & Sperling (1961)

27. A Tachistoscope

28. Tachistoscopic Display - Blank

29. Fixation Point *

30. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1 J Z G B S X P L R M Q F

31. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

32. Tachistoscopic Display Blank 2

33. Fixation Point *

34. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2 Y Q C H N D R J V B K S

35. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

36. Schematic of Typical Sperling Exp

37. Number of Letters Recalled as a Function of Technique & Delay

38. Sensory Memory Demo

39. Iconic Memory • Location • Usefulness • Saccades • Nature of the code

40. Letters & Numbers (Early vs. Late Processing Issue) 1 K 5 L H J 3 B 7 D 8 T

41. Demo 4.1: Examples of Sensory Memory

42. Demo 4.2 Unitary Perception from Fragments

43. Auditory Sensory Memory • Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo • Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972) • Differences from iconic memory • Crowder (1982)

44. An Echoic Memory Study

45. Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder

46. Discriminating Between Two Sounds (Crowder, 1982) Graph

47. Short-Term Memory

48. Short-Term Memory • Nature of Forgetting • Duration • Nature of Code • Capacity

49. Short Term Memory • Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959) • Trigram task

50. Trigrams K X J P L G S Y T H Z R