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Multivariate Relationships

Controlling for Other Variables. Observational studies: Researchers are unable to control levels of variables and may only observe them as they occur in natureStatistical Control: Identifying individuals (cases) by their level of an alternative explanatory (control) variable (although not assigning

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Multivariate Relationships

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    1. Multivariate Relationships Goal: Show a causal relationship between two variables (X ? Y) Elements of a cause-and-effect relationship: Association between variables (based on methods weve covered this semester) Correct time order (X occurs before Y) Elimination of alternative explanations (variable Z that acts on both X and Y, making them appear to be associated) Anecdotal evidence does not rule out causality

    2. Controlling for Other Variables Observational studies: Researchers are unable to control levels of variables and may only observe them as they occur in nature Statistical Control: Identifying individuals (cases) by their level of an alternative explanatory (control) variable (although not assigning subjects the levels) Spurious Association: When both variables of interest are dependent on a third variable, and their association vanishes when controlling for the other variable

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