Protein Purification

1. Protein Purification Fig. 5-CO, p.113

2. Protin Purificartion & Characterizing Techniques 1. How DoWe Extract Pure Proteins from Cells? Disruption of cells is the first stepinproteinpurification.Thevariouspartsofcellscanbeseparatedbycentrifugation.Thisisausefulstepbecauseproteinstendtooccuringivenorganelles.Highsaltconcentrationswillprecipitategroupsofproteins,whicharethenfurtherseparatedbychromatographyandelectrophoresis.

3. 2.WhatIsColumnChromatography? Twoofthemostimportantmethodsforseparatingaminoacids,peptides,andproteinsarechromatographyandelectrophoresis.Thevariousformsofchromatographyrelyondifferencesincharge,polarity,orsizeofthemoleculestobeseparated,dependingontheapplication.

4. 3. What Is Electrophoresis? In electrophoresis, differences in charge and in size are the criteria for separation. Thesievingactionofgelslabsisusedinconjunctionwiththechargeonproteinstoachieveseparation.Theelectrophoreticmobilitiesofproteinscanbeusedtoestimatetheirmolecularweights.

5. 4.HowDoWeDeterminethePrimaryStructureofaProtein? DeterminationoftheN-terminalandC-terminalaminoacidsofproteinsdependsontheuseoftheseseparationmethodsaftertheendsofthemoleculehavebeenchemicallylabeled.Selectivecleavageoftheproteinintopeptidesbyenzymaticorchemicalhydrolysisproducesfragmentsofmanageablesizeforsequencing.

6. PROTEINS & PEPTIDES MUST BE PURIFIED PRIOR TO ANALYSIS Highly purified protein is essential for determination of its amino acid sequence. Cells contain thousands of different proteins, each in widely varying amounts. The isolation of a specific protein in quantities sufficient for analysis presents a challenge that may require multiple successive purification techniques.

7. Table 5-1, p.114

8. Dialysis. Protein molecules (red) are retained within the dialysis bag, whereas small molecules (blue) diffuse

9. Fig. 5-1, p.115

10. Gel-Filtration Chromatography Fig. 5-2, p.116

11. 33 Fig. 5-3, p.117

12. Fig. 5-5a, p.118

13. Fig. 5-5b, p.118

14. Affinity Chromatography Fig. 5-6, p.118

15. Affinity Chromatography Affinity chromatography of concanavalin A (shown in yellow) on a solidsupport containing covalently attached glucose residues (G). The plant protein concanavalin A can be purified by passing a crude extract through a column of beads containing covalently attached glucose residues. Concanavalin A binds to such a column because it has affinity for glucose, whereas most other proteins do not. The bound concanavalin A can then be released from the column by adding a concentrated solution of glucose.

16. Ion-Exchange Chromatography.This technique separates proteins mainly according to their net charge.

17. Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Fig. 5-8, p.120

18. Fig. 5-7a, p.119

19. Fig. 5-7b, p.119

20. Fig. 5-9, p.120

21. Chromatographic Separations Partition molecules between two phases, one mobile and the other stationary. For separation of amino acids or sugars, the stationary phase, or matrix, may be a sheet of filter paper (paper chromatography) or a thin layer of cellulose, silica, or alumina (thin-layer chromatography);

22. Electrophoresis • Electrophoresis: the process of separating compounds on the basis of their electric charge & size • electrophoresis of amino acids can be carried out using paper, starch, agar, certain plastics, and cellulose acetate as solid supports • in paper electrophoresis, a paper strip saturated with an aqueous buffer of predetermined pH serves as a bridge between two electrode vessels.

23. a sample of amino acids is applied as a spot (the origin) on the solid support strip • an electric potential is applied to the electrode vessels and amino acids migrate toward the electrode with charge opposite their own • molecules with a high charge density move faster than those with a low charge density • molecules at their isoelectric point remain at the origin • after separation is complete, the strip is dried and developed to make the separated amino acids visible

24. Fig. 5-10, p.121

25. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.

26. Fig. 5-11, p.121

27. Electrophoretic Analysis of a Protein Purification.

28. Fig. 5-12, p.121

29. Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis. Fig. 5-13, p.122

30. molecular weights of sample proteins

31. How Do We Determine the Primary Structure of a Protein? How Do We Determine the Primary Structure of a Protein?

32. Fig. 5-14, p.123

33. Fig. 5-16, p.124

34. Fig. 5-17, p.125

35. Chemical CleavageCyanogen bromide Fig. 5-18b, p.125

36. Edman reagent is phenylisothiocyanate

37. Specific cleavage of polypeptides

38. Fig. 5-15, p.123

39. Fig. 5-18a, p.125

40. Fig. 5-19, p.126

41. END