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Basic principles of cartographic design

Map. Basic principles of cartographic design. Makram Murad-al-shaikh M.S. Cartography Esri education delivery team. Map. Cartographic concepts. Cartography defined The communication channel Why maps fail Objectives & limitations affecting design Cartographic design issues

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Basic principles of cartographic design

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  1. Map Basic principles of cartographic design Makram Murad-al-shaikhM.S. CartographyEsri education delivery team

  2. Map Cartographic concepts • Cartography defined • The communication channel • Why maps fail • Objectives & limitations affecting design • Cartographic design issues • Abuse of GIS cartography

  3. What is cartography? Art Technology Science Making maps Presentation Map Use

  4. How do I communicate through maps? Cartographer The geographic environment RecognizeSelect Classify Simplify Symbolize Compile Reality Map Map Map Map Read AnalyzeInterpret Imagine Reality? Map user

  5. What is cartographic design? Usefulmap Complex task (unlimited options) Highly creative mental activity Think invisual terms Use concepts of communication Beauty is NOT the MAIN objective

  6. What are my cartographic objectives? • The WHY? • The HOW? • Convey information • Highlight spatial relationships • Illustrate analysis results • Easier comprehension of complex events Mapobjectives • Fulfill map objectives • Assign meaningful symbology • Ensure truthful depiction of reality • Fulfill communication objectives Designobjectives

  7. Soils Population What are my communication objectives? General map Variety of information Equal importance Subtle symbology Thematic map Focused information Importance can vary Symbols can dominate Quantitative Qualitative

  8. Which projection should I use? • More than 4000 • No perfect projection • All have distortions Cylindrical Shape Area Conical Distance Azimuthal Direction

  9. Collapse? Omit? Aggregate? Typify? Displace? Simplify? C5 E5 C C2 E C3 E1 B B1 B4 Exaggerate? Classify? Refine? How much detail should I include?

  10. What symbol characteristics should I use? Color Shape Texture / Pattern Qualitative Graytone value Size Quantitative

  11. 100 70 40 10% What colors should I use? Dimensions • Connotations • Conventions • Preferences • For screen or paper R G B Y Hue 20 30 50 85% Value Saturation

  12. Does the eye have limitations? Maximum 12 colors Maximum 7 – 8 shades

  13. Normal eye Red defective Green defective Blue defective What about the color-impaired? • Avoid pure green / red • Vary shapes, textures • Use brightness contrast (not more colors)

  14. Optical illusions Texture vibration Orientation exerts direction Can I used special effects?

  15. When do I use patters? • Only for areas • Qualitative symbology • Consider effects of reduction

  16. How legible are my symbols? • Size of symbol • Distance of viewing • Perfect vision?

  17. How do I create visual contrast / hierarchy? Differentiation Relative importance

  18. How do I contrast text on maps? • Legibility issues • Text color vs background color • Uppercase vs lowercase • No fancy fonts Quantitative Qualitative Best TigrisOrlando Redlands San Diego Color Size RiverRIVER River BaghdadBasra Style Form RiverRIVER River Redlands San Diego Form Value TigrisOrlando Color Avoid

  19. Makramville Jackville Lauraville Marinaville Majdville Shirleyville Where do I place names at POINTS? • Readability issues 1 2 Maplex 5 3 4 3 1 0 0 4 2 6 5 6

  20. Where do I place names along LINES? • Ambiguityissues Mississippi ? ? Mississippi Maplex

  21. How do I label contours? • Faster readingissues 90 100 80 100 90 80 Maplex

  22. What angles are suitable for names? • Convenience issues Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text

  23. What map elements should I place on my map? • Projection? • Source? • Date of data? Designed by Makram 2014

  24. Visual (5%) h h x Geometric What is visual balance? • Layout of map elements • Visual center • Visual weight • Size, value, brilliance, close to edge • What about gaps?

  25. A B C 1 2 Which of these maps is more visually balanced? TEST 1

  26. A B Which of these maps is more visually balanced? TEST 2

  27. A B Which of these maps is more visually balanced? TEST 3

  28. Is North correct everywhere? N N Mollweide projection

  29. What about my scale? Must be visually easy to read Are these dog houses? Is it correct? Is it easy to use?

  30. Decimals? Necessary? What about my legend?

  31. What about maps for publishing in ArcGIS Online? • Cartography vs performance • Avoid • Advanced Drawing Options in ArcMap • Multiple layer symbols • Picture symbols • Dash line patterns, splining, and offsets • Dot density fills • Text halo masks and text fill patterns • Complex SQL statements for text • OR publish the map as a cached map service

  32. Map Always Think ? ? of the ? User

  33. Questions?

  34. Where can I read more about cartographic design? Brewer,Cynthia A.Designing Better Maps – A Guide for GIS Users, Esri Press, 2005,ISBN 1-58948-089-9 Brewer,Cynthia A.Designed Maps — A Sourcebook for GIS Users,Esri Press, 2008, ISBN 1-58948-160-7 Imhof, Eduard.“Positioning Names on Maps”,The American Cartographer, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 128-144, 1975. Kachel, Bill O'Sullivan.“Cartographic Design Using ARC/INFO” poster, Esri Users Conference, 1995. Monmonier, Mark.How to Lie with Maps, The University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1996. ISBN 0-226-53420-0 Murad-al-shaikh, Makram, Cartography with ArcGIScourse manuals, EsrI, Inc. Course version 2.1, May 2007. Okabe, Masataka and Kei Ito. How to make figures and presentations that are friendly to color blind people, Aug. 2002. Robinson, Arthur H et al.Elements of Cartography, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995. ISBN 0-471-55579-7

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