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The Human Body

The Human Body. Chapter 1. Overview. Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of body parts and how they relate to each other. Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Physiology is the study of how the organs and systems of the body work. Neurophysiology Cardiac physiology.

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The Human Body

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  1. The Human Body Chapter 1

  2. Overview • Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of body parts and how they relate to each other. • Gross anatomy • Microscopic anatomy • Physiology is the study of how the organs and systems of the body work. • Neurophysiology • Cardiac physiology http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cwB_XD7bMkg/TyPQ1UbSntI/AAAAAAAAAAQ/_xgozA3LdGU/s1600/anatomy.jpg

  3. Levels of Structural Organization pg - 3 • The human body is a well organized unit built from the arrangements of atoms into more complex structures. • The cell is the basic living unit while the atom is the smallest unit of matter. An atom is not alive but a cell is. http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/chapte1.jpg

  4. The Body’s Organ Systems – pg 5

  5. Organ System Overview • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1.2f

  6. Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

  7. Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

  8. Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

  9. Organ System Overview • The integumentary system comprises the skin, hair and nails. • It is the largest organ of the human body. • It serves a number of functions, including temperature regulation, protection against UV rays, waste excretion and acting as a physical barrier. http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/392575/530wm/C0096565-Integumentary_system,_artwork-SPL.jpg

  10. Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

  11. Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

  12. Necessary Life Functions • Humans must be able to perform certain processes in order to stay alive. • The necessary life functions are: • Be well isolated from the environment. Integumentary system • Be able to move. Muscular system. • Be able to respond to the environment. Nervous system • Be able to obtain nutrients from food. Digestive system • Be able to maintain a stable internal environment called homeostasis through metabolism (chemical reactions in the body). Endocrine system • Be able to rid the body or all metabolic wastes. Excretory system (respiration, digestion, integumentary, and urinary systems). • Be able to grow and develop • Be able to reproduce. Reproductive system.

  13. What Will You Need to Survive? • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions • Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

  14. Homeostasis • Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

  15. Organ Systems Work Together to Maintain Homeostasis - Pg 8 • The integumentary system protects the body from the environment. • The digestive system provides the nutrients we need. • The circulatory system moves oxygen and nutrients through the body. • The excretory systems rid the body of metabolic wastes. http://renz.fosterscience.com/a&p/Chapt1/Chapter1TheHumanBodyAnOrientation_files/slide0045_image011.jpg

  16. Homeostasis Control Pg 10 • Communication within the body is critical for survival. • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems. • The body has a specific series of steps it follows when maintaining balance. • Reception • Stimulus, something you react to, produces a change in the body’s balance usually at a sensory receptor. • Sends the message sent to the control center (brain). • Control center – brain – • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector structure – will provide the means for the carrying out of the response. structure which will carry out the response.

  17. Feedback Inhibition • Feedback inhibition is an “on-off” system to control metabolism by using the product or response to turn on or turn off the pathway. • It is similar to the thermostat of your air conditioner. • There are two types of feedback methods: • Negative feedback • Positive feedback • The brain controls the many of the actions and specifically the hypothalamus.

  18. Negative Feedback Inhibition • Most feedback inhibition mechanisms of the body are negative feedback. • How does it work? • If the body needs a substance, it will make it until it has enough. • Once it has enough, the end-product substance will shut down the first enzyme used to begin the substance making pathway.

  19. Positive Feedback Inhibition • Positive feedback inhibition is also known as the “more-more” system. • How does it work? • The more you stimulate the body the more it will produce and respond. • The best example is childbirth. http://www.mattk.com/images_mk/homeostasis-pregnancy-positive-feedback.jpg

  20. Anatomical Position • Anatomical position is the specific position that exist so that we can describe and reference where specific structures are. • We assume that the human body is at anatomical position when giving any description. • Arm are at the sides with the palms up/forward. • Stand and show anatomical position. http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/392527/530wm/C0096507-Anatomical_position,_artwork-SPL.jpg

  21. Reference Terms pg 12-13 • When referring to a part of the body we will use regional and directional terms. • Regional terms • Refer to landmarks of the body. There are two areas: • Anterior/ventral body landmarks – the front of your body • Posterior/dorsal body landmarks – the back of your body

  22. Anterior Terms http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/F01.04.L.150.jpg

  23. Posterior Terms http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/F01.04.L.150.jpg

  24. Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

  25. Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

  26. Body Planes • Sectioning the body along different planes will result in very different views of the same area. • We can use these views to make diagnosis of certain physical conditions. Figure 1.6

  27. Body Cavities Figure 1.7

  28. Abdominopelvic Quadrants • Because of the many important organs located in the abdominal cavity, we have isolated the cavity into 4 quadrants and 9 regions. • Quadrants • Right upper and lower quadrant • Left upper and lower quadrant Figure 1.8a

  29. Abdominopelvic Regions • From the umbilical region you will find • Above – right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac regions. • Below – right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac regions. • Left and right of the umbilical region you find the right and left lumbar region. Figure 1.8b

  30. Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c

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