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Phonics 與發音、拼字教學

Phonics 與發音、拼字教學. 彭 道 明 北市景興國中. Phonics 基礎的重要性. “ 如果英語學習是一場馬拉松賽跑, phonics 就是一雙好的慢跑鞋,是這場競賽中不可或缺的工具。 ” 天下雜誌「 教出英語力 」 P.99. Sound Goes First. 1. Sound always goes first in learning any language in the world.

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Phonics 與發音、拼字教學

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  1. Phonics 與發音、拼字教學 彭 道 明 北市景興國中

  2. Phonics 基礎的重要性 “如果英語學習是一場馬拉松賽跑,phonics就是一雙好的慢跑鞋,是這場競賽中不可或缺的工具。” 天下雜誌「教出英語力」P.99

  3. Sound Goes First 1. Sound always goes first in learning any language in the world. 2. Teachers help their students recognize the sound. 3. It is advisable to help them produce some English sounds through sounds in their mother tongue.

  4. 教學的基本原則 • “ Teach phonics in context. ” 在文章段落裹教 phonics • “ Teach new words in sentences or context. ” 在句子或上、下文裡教單字 不要求學生為單字而背單字 • “Put grammar back into context” 在篇章段落或上、下文裡教文法

  5. Phonics 與 拼字、閱讀 Sound first then print 1.先找出sound & letter 之間、然後再找出 sound & spelling 之間的對應關係,這 種「看字讀音」的能力,幫助學生降低障 礙,增進閱讀的流暢度。

  6. 2.除了「看字讀音」的能力外,教師也應培養他們「聽音拼字」的能力。2.除了「看字讀音」的能力外,教師也應培養他們「聽音拼字」的能力。

  7. 看字讀音 1. 從 spelling 的排列組合,找出發音線索 cute, cut, pepper, back 2. 用「分音節」的方法,讀出多音節的字 Ken-sing-ton cho-co-late 3. 「輕、重音」概念,簡化複雜度 pen, open, en-gine, en-gi-neer, as-par-a-gus (•)

  8. Learning by Doing • 第一要件: 學生的課桌上,整堂課都要將課本攤開、 練習本打開放旁邊,手裹握著筆。 • Help the students learn by doing and keep them busy in class.

  9. Learning by doing 教學示例

  10. 特別組: 1. hamburger  ham-bur-ger 或 HAM-bur-ger 2. banana  ba-NA-na 3. cookie  cookie

  11. 從單字到句子的 延伸 練習 T: I usually have fish, beef , vegetables and rice for my lunch. S1: ____________________________________ S2: ____________________________________ S3: ____________________________________ … ( T: teacher S1: student 1…) (fast learner)

  12. 該課句型寫作 進階 練習 T: I like pork but I don’t like fish. S1: I like snacks but I hate snakes. S2: I like hamburgers but I like cake better. S3: ___________________________________. S4: ___________________________________. S5: ___________________________________. … ( T: teacher S1: student 1…) (fast learner)

  13. Phonics 的研究發現 • 英語的拼音文字是由字母所組成,因此「字音聯結」能力可以降低背單字的記憶負擔(memory load & mental energy)

  14. Phonics 的研究發現(2) • 「字音聯結」能力高,文字的辨識 能力也高,有助提昇閱讀能力。 • Phonics有助於培養語音的感知能 力,提升「音感」或「音韻覺識」 (sound awareness)

  15. 語音的掌握優先於文字或標音符號 • 先音後符: 先熟悉聲音,再教代表該聲音的字母或 標音符號。 • 先聲音後文字: 背單字一定要先唸熟,才背得牢。

  16. 10 ways to teach phonics 1.Plenty of sound input 大量接觸聲音 2.Whole-word method 整字辨識、記憶 3.Sound & letter correspondence 字母與發音的對應關係 4.Sound & spelling relationships字母群與發音的對應關係

  17. 10 ways to teach phonics (2) 5.Tone and syllable division 語調、輕重音與分音節的教學 6. Phonics rules 字母拼讀規則 7.K.K. symbols,Webster markings and … 用不同系統的標音符號來輔助教學

  18. 10 ways to teach phonics (3) 8.Sound and meaning association 聲音與意義的聯想 9.Word form and meaning association 字形與意義的聯想 10.Highlighting irregular words 突顯例外字

  19. 2. Whole-word method 整字辨識、記憶 • 牢記約300個基礎單字 • 利用這些常見字(sight words/high frequency words),做為日後 phonics 教學的材料 • 「先死記,再活用」

  20. Sound-letter correspondence字母與發音的對應關係 一. 子音字母 • one letter - one sound B/b/, F/f/… • two letter - one sound ch, tch, ph, th, sh, ng… (consonant diagraphs)

  21. 字母與發音的對應關係(2) • one letter – two/more sound x /ks/ s /s, z, ∫, 了/ • silent letter(s) know, write, climb, high… • consonant blends br, cl, st, spr…

  22. 二.母音字母 • Short vowels ( in CVC patterns) • Long vowels ( in CVCe patterns) • Vowel digraphs ( ai, ay, ee, ea, oa, oe, ue, oo…) “When two vowels go walking, the first does the talking.”

  23. Diphthongs ( oi, oy, ou, ow…) • R-controlled vowels ( ar, air, are, ir, ur…) • ? L-controlled vowels ( al, all )

  24. phonics教學實例Sound catcher  word watcher

  25. 基礎而核心的 CVC組合 • cat • the form and the phrase for ready use • the sound and its print (Romanization)

  26. CVC組合的擴充

  27. Phonics教學的三種模式 1. 歸納式教學 (teaching phonics inductively) 2. 演繹式教學 (teaching phonics deductively) 3. 歸納與演繹並行式教學 (…both inductively and deductively)

  28. 1. 歸納式教學 Teaching phonics inductively 1. 教完對話或短文之後,請學生將包含字母c 的單字寫下來,譬如:

  29. 2. 全班一起唸單字,歸納出哪些是 soft c和 hard c, 並列表以加深印象、增強學習效果。

  30. 3.整理表格以助記憶

  31. A good word watcher 教學延伸:字母C的變體 從 –ce 到 -cean (ocean) 從 –ci 到 -cian (musician, politician) 從 –ci 到 -cial (special, facial) 從 –ci 到 -ciou (delicious, spacious)  -tion, -sion, -tial(initial)…

  32. 模式二:演繹式教學( teaching phonics deductively ) 教學舉例: 1. 教完對話或短文,教師直接告訴學生 -ow- 對應兩個不同的音。 2. 除了找出課文中的例字,同時也鼓勵學生 回想學過的單字,由教師或學生寫在黑板 上。

  33. One pattern with two sounds

  34. 模式三:歸納與演繹並行式教學(… both inductively and deductively) • 唸完課文之後,請學生將所有出現 -oo- 的字寫下來,並分辨這些字唸 的是長母音還是短母音,然後將這 些字寫在黑板上: -oo- (food): 59% -oo- (foot): 36%

  35. -oo- 代表兩種聲音

  36. 歸納與演繹並行式教學 (2) 1. 鼓勵學生回想學過、發長母音的字: -oo- : too, roof, soon, typhoon, afternoon, zoo, food, cool, room, broom, school, Snoopy…(音標 / u /最後出現 ) 2. 再請學生想出、並寫出發短母音的字: -oo- : book, cook, foot, look, stood, understood……. .(音標 / U / ) 3. 最後,請學生想出 -oo-發音例外的字: -oo-:flood, blood#(音標 /Λ / )

  37. Predictability of vowel digraphs 1. -ai (rain): 74%, -ay (day): 96% , -air (chair): 15% 2. -ee (feet): 86%, -ea (seat) : 51%, -ea (head): 26%, -eer (steer), -ere (here), -ear (wear): 12% 3. -oo- (food): 59%, -oo- (foot): 36%, ( Source: Wiley Blevins p.135)

  38. 語音的「切割」與「合成」 一.語音的切割(segmentation) 1. 利用國語的拼音練習,複習「聲 頭」與「韻尾」。 2. 從子音字母 B,F… 引出「前半音」與「後半音」的概念,再與母音拼出bat,fat,…。

  39. 二.語音的「合成」(blending) 1.譬如,用/k/, /a/, /t/拼成cat, 即屬語音合成的能力 2. it sit,bit,dit,fit,hit,kit… (堆砌法) 3. all ball -> call-> tall-> small … (堆砌法)

  40. 三.「切割」與「合成」概念的延伸 1.拆字法: table -> able smell -> sell 2.推衍法: able -> table sell -> (mell) -> smell tree -> street dress -> stress

  41. 推衍法再舉例 1.bus -> husband 2. it -> quit -> squid 3. an-> ank -> rank -> drank (dress)

  42. 4. 拼字與發音的對應 37組高頻率的拼字型態( spelling patterns ) • -ack, -ail, -ain, -ake, -ale, -ame, -an, -ank, -ap, -ash, -at, -ate, -aw, -ay (14組) • -eat, -ell, -est (3組) • -ice, -ick, -ide, -ight, -ill, -in, ine, -ing, -ink, -ip, -it (11組) • -ock, -oke, -op, -ore, -ot (5組) • -uck, -ug, -ump, -unk (4組)

  43. -ai, -ay,-air 拼字出現頻率 -ai (rain): 74%, -ay (day): 96% , -air (chair): 15%

  44. 同一組合對應不同的發音 • -ea : sea, seat, meat, beach, teach… • -ēar : ear, hear, near, year, fear, tear… • -ěar : bear, wear, pear, tear, swear… • -ear: heard, learn, pearl, earn, earth… *heart

  45. -ee, -ea 拼字出現頻率 -ee (feet): 86%, -ea (seat) : 51%, -ea (head): 26%, -eer (steer), -ere (here), -ear (wear): 12%

  46. 相同組合不同發音

  47. -ea- 的特殊發音

  48. 母音 與 變音 三種情況會引起長、短母音的變化: 1. 詞類變化 2. 動詞三態 3. 名詞單、複數

  49. 詞類變化與長、短母音 a: nature -> natural, cave -> cavity e: secret -> secretary, succeed -> success i: dine -> dinner, crime -> criminal o: phone -> phonics, close -> closet u: reduce -> reduction, produce -> production • break -> breakfast

  50. 詞類變化與長、短母音 a:nature -> natural, cave -> cavity e: secret -> secretary, succeed -> success i: dine -> dinner, crime -> criminal o: phone -> phonics, close -> closet u: reduce -> reduction, produce -> production

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