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Understanding the Circulatory System: Functions, Components, and Blood Dynamics

The circulatory system plays a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis by transporting blood, gases (O2 & CO2), nutrients, and waste products. Its key functions include bleeding control through clotting, regulating body temperature via skin vessels, and supplying oxygen to tissues. This system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood, with each element playing a critical role. Blood, as the fluid connective tissue, consists of erythrocytes, thromobocytes, and leukocytes, each contributing uniquely to physiological tasks. Delve into the anatomy and physiology of this essential system.

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Understanding the Circulatory System: Functions, Components, and Blood Dynamics

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  1. BME-HUMAN ANATOMY-6 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  2. Circulatory system - functions • Transport of blood gases (O2 & CO2) • Transport of substances (useful staff to and waste products out of the tissues • Bleeding control (clotting system stops bleeding from the injuried area) • Heat regulation (skin vessels distribute heat through the body)

  3. Components of circulatory system • Heart – pumps the blood out • Vessels – tubes, where blood flows • Blood – is the fluid substance of the body, which carries out all functions of the circulatory system.

  4. Blood (p.681, fig.18.1) • It is liquid connective tissue, composed of cells & extracellular fluid, called plasma • Its total amount in adults is 4 to 6 L (about 70ml/kg), which comprises only circulating amount. • Hematology – is the name of scince, dealing with blood

  5. Blood cells (p.680, fig. 18.1) • Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) • Trombocytes (platelets) • Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs) Granulocytes • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Monocytes

  6. Blood cells - Erythrocytes • Function – delivers blood gases: O2 to tissues & removes CO2 out of tissues • Amount – about 4 mln/ml • Life span – about 120 days • Nots: Mature cell has no nucleus. Hemoglobin is the protein, which carry blood gases (p.685, fig.18.5).

  7. Blood cells – Trombocytes (platelets) • Function – stops bleeding, i.e. one of the blood clotting system components • Amount: around 250000 /ml • Life span: 3 – 5 days

  8. Blood cells - Leukocytes • Function: substantial part of immune system • Amount: 5000 – 9000/ml • Life span: 3 weeks

  9. Blood plazma • …composed of liquid part & proteins. • Blood proteins are mainly produced by the liver (except for gamma –globulins) • Albumins • Globulins • Fibrinogen

  10. Heart • …is muscular organ, which pumps blood through the vessels • …is located in chest cavity • …consists of 3 layers (p.718, fig.19.3) • Epicard (outer) • Myocard (mid, muscular) • Endocard (inner • …has 4 chambers (p.721, fig.19.7) • 2 atrium (left & right) • 2 ventricles (left & right)

  11. Coronary circulation & Cardiac Conductive System • Coronary vessles supply heart with blood (p.724, fig.19.10) • About 65% of world population has 2 coronary vessels • About 35% of world population has 1 coronary vessel • Sino-Atrial node is the source of normal heartbeating (p.727, fig.19.12)

  12. Electrocardiogram • is recording of the heart electrical currents in the heart by means of an instrumentcalled the electrocardiograph, which amplifies heart signals and register them on moving paper (p.731, fig.19.15) (p.732, fig.19.16) • ECG is used for monitoring heart rythm and detect possible coronary problems

  13. Cardiac cycles • Cardiac systolic – diastolic operations is the working principle of heart chambers (p.736, fig. 19.19). • Heart sounds origin from the closing valves during cardiac cycle (p.738, fig.19.20). Heart sounds can be registered by phonocardiography.

  14. Parameters of macrocirculation • Heart rate (tachicardia, bradicardia) • Stroke volume (amount of blood for a single heart contraction) • Cardiac output (amount of blood, pumped out by heart in 1 min) • Blood pressure (force that blood presses against the wall) . • Total peripherial resistance, resistance to blood flow. CO = MAP/TPR

  15. Blood vessels & circulation • Artery – are vessels, which carry blood out of the heart (contain 13% of blood). • Vein – are vessels, which carry blood to the heart (contain 64% of blood). • Capillary – are vessels, which carry blood from arteries to veins. • Systemic circulation starts from LV & ends in RA • Pulmonary circulation starts from RV & ends in LA

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