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Psk171 Stress Management

Chapter 2 Systems that control stress arousal. Psk171 Stress Management. Controlling Stress & Tension Girdano , Dusek & Everly. Ligands. Ligands (amino acid molecules ) Biochemicals that carry information Neurohormones The smallest molecules ( norepinephrine , acetylcholine )

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Psk171 Stress Management

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  1. Chapter 2 Systemsthatcontrolstressarousal Psk171StressManagement ControllingStress & TensionGirdano, Dusek & Everly

  2. Ligands • Ligands (amino acidmolecules) • Biochemicalsthatcarryinformation • Neurohormones • The smallestmolecules (norepinephrine, acetylcholine) • Steroids • Sexhormones, cortisol • Peptides • The largestgroup of ligands (95 %) andinvolved in all life processes

  3. Receptors • Located on thesurfacemembrane • When a specificligandcommunicateswiththereceptor, a message is sent tointerior of thecell • Thismessagemayiniateor halt production of an enzyme, causecelltomoreorlesspermeable, orinitiateone of thefunctions of thatcell

  4. Neuroplasticity • Ability of braintocontinuallychange as a result of experiences • A violinist - areas of brainthatcontrolmovement of fingersgrow in size • Meditation – morepracticeproducesstrongerchanges

  5. Basicsystems • CentralNervousSystem (CNS) • Brain, brainstemandspinalcord • AutonomicNervousSystem (ANS) • SomaticNervousSystem (SNS) • Voluntaryactions • Endocrinesystem • Pituitarygland (hipofiz bezi) • Adrenal glands (böbreküstü bezleri) • Immunesystem

  6. AutonomicNervousSystem • Autonomicfunctions • Heart rate, body temperature, respiration… • Sympathetic NS • Alarm responseandenergyzing body • Fight-or-flight • Epinephrine, norepinephrineanddopamin • Thisresponsefacilitatedbyhormones of endocrinesystem, CNS andvariouspeptides • Parasympathetic NS • Revertthesystemsto normal, calmdownthe body

  7. AutonomicNervousSystem • The lower-brainstructures of ANS respondtophysicalworldandarereflexive • Spinalcord (omurilik) • Cerebellum (musclecoordination) • Medullaoblangata (heart rate, circulation of blood, respiration, coughing, sneezing) • Pons (a network thatsendsnerveimpulsestovariousparts of brain) • Thalamus (sendsincomingsignalstorelatedbrainareas) • Hypothalamusandreticularformation

  8. Hypothalamus • Integrator of body’sregulatorysystems • Hunger, thirst, bloodpressure, heart rate, temperature, sexdrive • Receivesphysicalmessagesandresponds on a physciallevel • New orthreateningmessages > alarm reaction • Whenthreatabates of newstimulus is integrated > calmingmesagesare sent throughparasympathetic NS

  9. The LimbicSystem • Pleasureandunpleasurecenters • Rewardandpunishment • Integratescognitiveappraisal (fromprefrontalcortex) withemotions • Amygdalaandhippocampus • Emotion • Amygdala > detectionandexperience of fear • Hippocampus > regulatesemotionalresponsesforcontext

  10. CerebralCortex • Alsocalledneocortexorforebrain • Responsibleforhigher-orderfunctions • Analyticalskills • Writingskills • Verbalcommunication • Fine motor control • Problem solving • Learning • Decisionmaking • Judgement • …

  11. CerebralCortex • Frontallobe is veryimportant in higher-orderfunctions • Bloodflow in theseareasregulatedbyemotionalpeptideswhichsignalreceptors on bloodwesselwallstoconstrictordilateandinfluencenourishment of cells • Ifemotionsarebolcked? • Bloodflow can becomerestricted • Deprivation in nourishment of frontalcortex • The time betweenstrongemotionsandrecoveryfromthem • Therefore, strongemotions can leave a personout of touchwithrealityanddiminishabilitytomakerationaldecisions. • A long-termresult > repeatingoldpatternsand not responsingtoouterworld in a rationalmanner

  12. The RewardSystem • Majorrewardareasarelocated at thelimbicsystemandhypothalamus • Avoidingfromadversityandapproachingtopleasure/reward • The rewardsystemsregulatethebasicdrivesrelatedto • Pleasure • Pain • Emotionalcomfort • Sexualsatisfaction • Hunger • Satiety • Thirst • Endorphin

  13. The ReticularFormation • Carriesinformationfrom body tobrainandbrainto body • Allows us to be preparedafterdetection of newstimuli • UnderprolongedstressReticularActivatingSystemstaysaroused

  14. EndocrineSystem • Consists of glandsandhormones • Endocrinesiystems is connectedto • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Frontallobes • Limbicsystemactivatesthehypothalic-pituitary-adrenal axis • Whichcausessecretion of neurohormonesepinephrineandnorepinephrineandcortisolfrom adrenal glands

  15. The PituitaryGland • Stronglyrelatedtoactivity of hypothalamus • Ifparts of hypothalamusarestumulated, it stimulatespituitarygland • Hypothalamusproduces hormon-releasingfactors • Thesefactorsarereleasedandstimulatepituitaryglandandhormonesarereleased • Thoughts, anticipitationsandnervoussystemresponses can causehormonalactivity

  16. The Adrenal Glands • Responsibleforthemost of thephysicalmanifestation of stressarousalsuch as increasedheart rate andrespiration • Two adrenal glandslocatedovereachkidney • Adrenal medulla • Adrenal cortex

  17. The Adrenal Glands • Hypothalamus • releaseshormone-releasingfactor • Pituitarygland • releasesAdrenocorticotropichormone (ACTH) • Adrenal cortex • secreteshormonesintothebloodsuch as cortisolandaldosterone

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