Biology Revision: Nervous & Endocrine Systems, Reflex Actions, and Controlling Conditions

BIOLOGY REVISION – The Human Nervous System Responding to change Controlling Conditions Put the statements in order The nervous system has receptors to detect stimuli. List the sense organs and the stimuli they detect. Neurons are nerve cells which are found in nerves, which carry electrical impulses. The body carefully controls its internal environment. What are 4 of the internal conditions that are controlled? Why must we keep our temperature constant? What organ controls the level of sugar in our blood? stimulus sensory neurone motor neurone CNS effector muscles in leg pressure receptors in skin Reflex Actions The main six stages of a reflex action are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. At the junction between two neurons is a synapse, chemicals transmit the impulse across this gap. KEY WORDS: Reflex Synapse Receptor Neuron Homeostasis ASSESSMENT:

Biology REVIEW – Coordination and control – homeostasis, nervous system and reflex action Label the diagram to show the response of the nervous system to a stimulus. Define the term homeostasis and state the two systems involved in maintaining this. Describe the difference between a reflex action and the normal CNS response. State the structure of the nervous system. Label and explain the adaptations of a nerve cell. Describe the difference between a reflex action and the normal CNS response. Label the diagram and explain how the nerve cells communicate. Name the 5 sensory receptors and what they respond to.

BIOLOGY REVISION– Hormonal Coordination Controlling Conditions Label the diagram of the endocrine system with the names of the glands and the names of the hormones they produce. The artificial control of fertility Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the pituitary gland and causes eggs to mature and oestrogen to be produced. Oestrogen is produced by the ovaries and inhibits the further production of FSH. Luteinising hormone (LH) also made by the pituitary gland and stimulates the mature egg to be released from the ovary (ovulation). Contraceptive pills contain _____________and/or ________________ to inhibit FSH. FSH can also be used to help a woman produce __________. Fertility treatment can be used to prevent pregnancy (e.g. the contraceptive pill), or increase chance of pregnancy (e.g. IVF) testosterone pancreas oestrogen progesterone adrenal insulin thyroxine ovaries LH testes adrenaline glucagon FSH thyroid pituitary Issues involved in contraception. Using Hormones in Women Many use the contraceptive pill to prevent unwanted pregnancies, and also to plan when they have a baby. Hormones can also be used to help women get pregnant. Older women can use hormone treatment to allow them to have babies later in life. Side effects are possible in some women if they take hormones for a long time. What ethical concerns are there about using fertility drugs? KEY WORDS: Hormone Insulin Gland Contraception Pituitary Gland ASSESSMENT:

Biology REVIEW – Coordination and control– endocrine system and controlling blood glucose State what the endocrine system does. Explain the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system. State what causes our blood sugar levels to rise. Explain how our blood glucose levels are controlled. You must make reference to when they become to low and what happens when they go too high. HIGHER TIER – must make reference to glucagon. Label the glands in the endocrine system. Describe why hormones are often described as chemical messengers and how quickly they work. Explain why the pituitary gland is often described as the master gland. HIGHER TIER ONLY – why is glucose changed to glucagon in the liver? Give examples of some of the hormones released by the pituitary gland.

Biology Chapter 5 – Coordination and control– menstrual cycle, IVF and contraception State the 2 types of hormones in the reproductive system – both male and female. Label the diagram to show when the hormones are released. Describe the types of contraceptives available and evaluate the different methods. Make reference to the barrier methods, hormonal methods and the natural methods. State the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and describe the role they play in the cycle. HIGHER TIER – included details as to when they are released, where they are releases from and what effect this has on the other hormones. HIGHER TIER – Describe what IVF is, when the technique is most successful and the stages of it and evaluate the use of IVF as a fertility treatment. HIGHER TIER – Suggest how the menstrual cycle shows negative feedback.

Biology REVIEW– Coordination and control– diabetes, negative feedback and systems working together Name the 2 types of diabetes. Describe what type 2 diabetes is, include the symptoms and the treatment methods. HIGHER TIER - Explain how the thyroid gland affects our activity by producing the hormone thyroxine and how this is influenced by negative feedback. You may wish to draw a diagram to demonstrate negative feedback. Describe what type 1 diabetes is, included the symptoms and the treatment methods. HIGHER TIER – Describe the effects of adrenaline on the body. Describe some ethical and social consideration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. HIGHER TIER – Explain how the nervous system and the endocrine system work together. HIGHER TIER - Explain the principles of negative feedback.

BIOLOGY REVISION - Reproduction Types of Reproduction Cell division & Growth Cell division in sexual reproduction What are the differences between Sexual and Asexual reproduction? What results in two identical cells being produced from an original cell? By which process are gametes(sex cells) produced? DNA What is the genome of an organism? Where is DNA found in cell? Describe the structure of DNA. What are unspecialised cells called? In body cells, what are found in pairs? What does sexual reproduction give rise to? What is the difference between gametes and body cells? KEY WORDS: Meiosis Mitosis Gametes Sexual Asexual DNA ASSESSMENT:

Biology Chapter 6 – Genetics– DNA, genes, human genome, tracing migration and key words Define the below terms: Allele – Dominant – Recessive – Genotype – Phenotype – Homozygous – Heterozygous – Describe what DNA is. Describe what a chromosome is. Describe the difference between the Genographic and the HGP. Describe the first phase and the second phase of the Genographic project. State how many chromosomes are in the human body and the total number of pairs. Explain how the Human Genome Project (HGP) helped our understanding of genes. Explain why there where ethical concerns with the Genographic Project.

Biology Chapter 6 – Genetics – genetic crosses, tracing gene disorders and maths skill Describe what causes cystic fibrosis. Describe what polydactyl syndrome is and what causes is. State the potential phenotype and genotype of at least one family member in each generation. Draw a Punnett square diagram to show the likelihood of a child having CF when one parent is a carrier and the other is a sufferer. State the percentage and the ratio. Draw a Punnett square diagram to show the likelihood of a child having polydactyl when one parent suffers with the disease and the other is normal. State the percentage and the ratio. Draw a Punnett square diagram to show the likelihood of a child having CF when both parents are carriers. State the percentage and the ratio. Explain why it is useful for us to track gene disorders. Describe some of the issues with embryo screening.

Biology Chapter 6 – Genetics – meiosis and mitosis State what meiosis is. State what mitosis is and why it is called asexual reproduction. Describe what mitosis is for. Draw a diagram to show what happens to the chromosomes in mitosis. State the number of chromosomes at each stage. Describe what meiosis produces and why each cell produced there is variation. Draw a diagram to show what happens to the chromosomes in meiosis. State the number of chromosomes at each stage. Draw a Punnett square diagram to show how our sex is determined.

BIOLOGY REVISION – Reproduction Inheritance in Action Inherited Condition in Humans How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? What is sex determined by? Genes controlling the same characteristic are called _______________. If an allele can be either ________________ or _____________________. Phenotype – physical appearance of the characteristic. Genotype – the genetic make up – DD, Dd or dd. Homozygous – both alleles are the same DD or dd Heterozygous – the two alleles are different Dd. Some disorders are caused by genes and can be inherited. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a _____________ allele. Polydactyly is caused by a _____________ allele. Draw a punnet square where one parent has polydactyly - Pp, and one parent doesn’t have it - pp. Embryo Screening What is the purpose of embryo screening? What are the concerns about embryo screening? KEY WORDS: Sex chromosome Dominant Recessive Carrier Genetic disorder ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Variation and Evolution Inheritance Natural Selection What does the nucleus of a cell contain that are thread like? What do they carry? When is genetic information from the parents passed to offspring? In most body cells the chromosomes are in pairs. One set from the female gamete and one from the male gamete. What do genes control? Use the Giraffe diagram to explain Natural Selection Variation What causes variation in these dogs? Give an example of a characteristic that is affected by the environment. KEY WORDS: Clone Chromosome Gene Gamete Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Variation and Evolution Cloning Adult cell cloning Genetic Engineering How can you clone a plant? What is used to clone an animal? What type of reproduction is used for cloning? Tissue culture is more expensive but can be used to reproduce large numbers of a rare or top quality plant. Sometimes animals or plants are genetically modified to reproduce substances before being cloned. What does genetic engineering change? What might GM crops be resistant to? What is selective breeding? Ethical issues with adult cell cloning Making choices about technology Adult cell cloning diagram In adult cell cloning the nucleus of an adult cell e.g. a skin cell, replaces the nucleus of an egg cell. The nucleus of an adult cell is transplanted into an ‘empty’ egg cell. When the animal develops it has the genetic material of the original adult cell. KEY WORDS: Tissue culture Genetically modified Genetic engineering Adult cell cloning Selective Breeding ASSESSMENT: For cloning & genetic engineering

BIOLOGY REVISION – Genetics and Evolution From Mendel to DNA Classification and Evolution What did Gregor Mendel work out with regard to characteristics? What makes up chromosomes? What is a small section of DNA? Why is DNA important, what can it be used for? This is an example of an evolutionary tree. What can it tell us? What is group of organisms that can all interbreed called? Name the three main kingdoms of Eukaryotes. Biologists study the similarities and differences between organisms in order to classify them. What is this branch of biology called? Exploring the Fossil Evidence What do we use to date when different organisms existed? What part of animals form fossils? Why might we not have a complete picture of all the organisms that have lived previously? Extinction means that a species which once existed has completely died out. List as many changes in circumstance that may result in the extinction of a species. What factors might have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs? Why might climate change be having an impact on todays species? KEY WORDS: Extinction Predator Speciation Geographical isolation ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Adaptations, Interdependence and Competition Competition Adapt & Survive Measuring environmental change What does adaptation mean? What is an extremophiles? Name 3 non-living factors: Name 3 living factors: Name an indicator species for both land and water. Why are these indicator species? Adaptation in Animals & Plants Impact of Change What may happen if birds fly further North if the climate gets warmer? The distribution of living organisms is affected by changes in what two factors? The data on the effect of environmental change is not always easy to interpret. KEY WORDS: Adaptation Herbivore Carnivore Extremophile Denature Stomata Competition ASSESSMENT:

BIOLOGY REVISION – Organising an Ecosystem Feeding Relationships The Carbon Cycle What is a producer? Give an example. Why do the arrows point right? What is a top predator? The recycling of carbon involves both photosynthesis and respiration. What does photosynthesis remove from the atmosphere? When is CO₂ released back into the atmosphere? Decay Processes Predator Prey Graphs What is needed for decay to happen? Bacteria and fungi are microorganisms. Some bacteria and fungi cause decay. what do we call these? Name two ways humans can recycle waste. Under what conditions is decay quicker? Describe the trend the graph shows KEY WORDS: Biomass Detritus feeder Decomposer Sewage Combustion Organic waste ASSESSMENT:

Biology Chapter 5 – Coordination and control – maths skill and required practical Define the term mean. Define the estimate. Explain why we take mean of results. Describe what uncertainty is and how we calculate it. Independent variable – Dependent variable – Control variables - Describe a method used to investigate the reaction rate of a person. Draw a diagram to show the set up for the practical. Define the term repeatability and explain what this means. What errors (random/ systematic) can occur in this practical and how could you overcome them? State the result you would expect to see and explain why you would expect to see this.

Biology Revision: Nervous & Endocrine Systems, Reflex Actions, and Controlling Conditions