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Gendered Migration: Impacts and Policy Responses

Explore the trends, impacts, and policy responses of female migration in developed and developing regions, including sectoral shifts and vulnerabilities. Understand the importance of data analysis, gender considerations, and enforcement of anti-trafficking protocols.

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Gendered Migration: Impacts and Policy Responses

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  1. Almost 50/50 share • Females increasing, but mostly in dev’d world • Increasingly migrating independently • Large-scale, organized emigration (S. Asia) • - S. Asia 60-80% are females • Major recipients/users of remittances • Niche employment • Special vulnerabilities • Statistics under-represent the female share Slide 1 - Gendered Migration

  2. Slide 2 - Gendered Sectors • Global shift to service sectors • “Care” dependency in developed countries - demographic change - workforce participation of women - reduced social services (child/aged care) • Opportunities in domestic sector, nursing, teaching in Europe, N. America, Asia • Entertainment/sex industries • Export zones (e.g. clothing manufacturing) Often vulnerable sectors

  3. Slide 3 - Impacts of Female Migration • Education and work/career opportunities • Economic empowerment • Improved family welfare (education, health,child mortality), through - remittances - education/awareness • Changed gender relations at home BUT also negative Impacts, e.g. - neglected children/households - health problems - labour exploitation/immigration sanctions - gender-specific abuse

  4. Slide 4 - Trafficking in Persons • No hard data (est. 600-800,000 a year) • Targets vulnerable groups in developing and transition countries, post conflict situations - rural poor - women, children, minority groups • Evident in most regions, notably: - W./C. Africa = 200,000 children p.a. - S-E Asia = 200-250,000 women and children p.a. - S. Asia = more than 13,000 children in past 5 years - S-E Europe = unknown, but large-scale and growing More than 1 M children globally every year (ILO)

  5. Slide 5 - Who gains? Who loses? • Re-directs the benefits of migration - traffickers pocket the gains - criminal gains • Economic disempowerment of migrants - lost wages, remittances • Health problems(HIV), even death • Depletion of human capital for DCs • Deprived care for families back home Perpetuation of social/gender inequalities

  6. Slide 6 - Policy Responses • Better data/analysis of gender, migration and development - gender disaggregated data - impact of trafficking on remittance patterns and uses - analytical tools for gender assessments in the context of migration and poverty alleviation - capacity building of governments; coordination of IOs • Enforce UN Protocol vs trafficking • Better links between prevention, education and other development efforts Inter-sectoral and inter-national action

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