Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Personality

2. Personality Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times

3. According to the psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our internal needs and cognitions and by external pressures from the social environment What Forces Shape Our Personalities?

4. Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalysis–Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders Psychoanalytic theory –Freud’s theory of personality

5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness

6. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos

7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative Libido Thanatos

8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Drives people to experience sensual pleasure Libido Thanatos

9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors Thanatos

10. Freud’s Model of the Mind

11. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Id Superego Ego

12. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Id Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories Superego Ego

13. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Id Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience Superego Ego

14. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Id Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id Superego Ego

15. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life. Freud believed that one’s personality was set in childhood. This is the discontinuous view of development (occurs in stages). Freud believed that sexual urges were an important determinant of people’s personality development. Each of the stages is named for the part of the body from which people derive sexual pleasure during the stage. Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Genital Stage

16. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage. Fixation results from being either undergratified or overgratified.

17. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass) Birth-1 year: Freud proposed that children enjoy sucking and biting because it gives them a form of sexual pleasure. Oral Stage Desire: Oral Stimulation Challenge: Overcoming dependency (being dependent on bottle; weaning). Oral Fixation: If a child is over fed or underfed, or weaned from the bottle too early, then that could lead to the following problems later in life – overeating, too much gum chewing, smoking, nail-biting, talkativeness, gluttony, gullibility, chewing on objects, etc.

18. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass) 1-3 years: Children are sexually gratified by the act of elimination (potty training) Anal Stage Desire: Anal Stimulation by bladder and bowel function. Challenge: Toilet Training and self-control. Anal Fixation: If a child has a traumatic toilet training experience, then that can lead to the anal expulsive personality, which describes people who are messy or disorganized, or the anal retentive personality, which describes people who are meticulously neat, hyperorganized, and a bit compulsive. The adult who is fixated in this stage can be destructive, cruel, stingy, cold, throw temper tantrums, and expect to get their way.

19. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass) Phallic Stage 3-5 years: Sexual gratification moves to the genitalia. Desire: Stimulation of genitals (not considered abnormal!) Challenge: Resolving Oedipus/Electra Complex, involving erotic attraction to parent of opposite sex and hostility to parent of same sex. Phallic Fixation:If a child does not adequately resolve the issue of being able to identify who they are and know that they cannot have their opposite-sex parent as a mate, then they can become jealous adults, have egocentric sex, have many sexual partners in life as if they were trying to conquer something, or have problems in later life with their own parents. They may also be too sexually assured or aggressive, or consumed with their own sexual inadequacies.

20. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of theirown age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers. For girls, this is known as the Electra Complex.

21. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Identification – The unconscious mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially thesame-sex parent. This defense mechanism is meant to protect the conscious mind from thoughts that are too painful (can you imagine if you knew that you were in love with your opposite sex parent???!!)

22. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Penis envy– According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis– a condition that usually results in their attractionto males. Castration anxiety – According to Freud, boys specifically fear that their fathers will castrate them to eliminate them as rivals for their mothers, so this keeps them behaving, identifying with their father, and shifts their attention to girls their own age.

23. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass) 6 years - puberty: All sexual feelings are pushed out of conscious awareness (repression). Focus shifts to school and how children act with their peers. Latency Desire: Repression of sexual and aggressive desires. Challenge: Consciously: learning modesty and shame. Unconsciously: dealing with a repressed Oedipal/Electra conflict. Latent Fixation: If a child is shamed or embarrassed, then as an adult the child may develop excessive modesty. Freud also considered a fixation in this stage to lead to the preference for company of the same sex or homosexuality (by today’s psychological standards, this is not a disorder – Freud believed it was.)

24. Psychosexual Stages (Oh A Pig Likes Grass) Puberty -Adulthood: Sexual pleasure is attained through sexual relationships with others. Genital Stage Desire: Mature sexual relationships. Challenge: Displacing energy into healthy activities and establishing new relationships with parents. Genital Fixation: None – this is due to the fact that if you enter this stage without having fixations in the other stages, then you will have healthy relationships.

25. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Ego defense mechanisms – Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. It is the job of the ego to protect the conscious mind. • Repression • Denial • Projection • Reaction Formation • Regression • Rationalization • Displacement • Sublimation

26. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection • Rorschach Inkblot Test • Thematic Apperception Test

27. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas desires or conflicts

28. ANNA FREUD • DAUGHTER OF SIGMUND FREUD • THE HAMPSTEAD CHILD THERAPY CLINIC • ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN • DEFENSE MECHANISMS

29. CARL JUNG’S ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY • BACKGROUND & EARLY YEARS • HE BEGAN TO WRITE TO FREUD • HE EMPHASIZED THE UNCONSCIOUS DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

30. EXTENDING THE UNCONSCIOUS LAYERS • THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS HOUSES MATERIAL THAT IS NOT WITHIN ONE’S CONSCIOUS AWARENESS BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN REPRESSED. PORTION OF THE UNCONSCIOUS CORRESPONDING ROUGHLY TO FREUD’S ID. • THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS IS A STOREHOUSE OF LATENT MEMORIES INHERITED FROM OUR ANCESTRAL PAST.

31. JUNG’S ARCHETYPES • ARCHETYPES ARE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED IMAGES THAT HAVE UNIVERSAL MEANING • THEY APPEAR IN ART, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION

32. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow

33. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus The male archetype Anima The female archetype Shadow

34. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves Anima Shadow

35. INTROVERT VS. EXTROVERT • INTROVERT=INNER-DIRECTED, PREOCCUPIED WITH THE WORLD OF THEIR OWN THOUGHTS • EXTROVERT= INTERESTED IN OTHER PEOPLE & THINGS

36. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion

37. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology Basic anxiety –An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment Neurotic needs –Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme

38. See the chart on page 421 in your book.10 Neurotic Needs – Normal desires taken to the extreme. • Need for affection and approval. • Need for a partner and dread of being left alone. • Need to restrict one’s life and remain inconspicuous. • Need for power or control over others. • Need to exploit others (take advantage of others for your own profit). 6. Need for recognition or prestige. • Need for personal admiration. • Need for personal achievement. • Need for self-sufficiency and independence. • Need for perfection.

39. Karen Horney • 3 patterns of attitudes and behavior that people use to deal with basic anxiety, either in a healthy way or in a neurotic way. • Moving toward others, against others, away from others.

40. Moving Toward Others • It is neurotic when a person needs constant reminders of love and approval. • These people need someone to help, to take care of, or someone for whom to “sacrifice” themselves. • They often feel victimized and become dependent.

41. Moving Against Others • Power and respect is earned by competing or attacking successfully. • They risk ending up “alone at the top.”

42. Moving Away From Others • It is neurotic when a person avoids others to protect themselves from imagined hurt or rejection (“I won’t make friends because they might hurt me.”) • In doing so, they close themselves off to intimacy and support and healthy relationships.

43. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY • ADLER FELT FREUD HAD GONE OVERBOARD IN CENTERING HIS THEORIES ON SEXUAL CONFLICTS • MORE IMPORTANT IS A STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY

44. COMPENSATION • COMPENSATION INVOLVES EFFORTS TO OVERCOME DEFICIENCIES • INFERIORITY COMPLEX • OVERCOMPEN-SATION

45. ORDINAL POSITION • BIRTH ORDER IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE DEVELOP-MENT OF PERSONALITY • DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS FOR DIFFERENT SIBLINGS

46. Humanistic Theories Humanistic Theories include Gordon Allport’s trait theory Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality Carl Roger’s fully functioning person

47. Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions • Central traits form the basis of personality • Secondary traits include preferences and attitudes • Cardinal traits define peoples lives

48. Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials

49. CARL ROGERS • CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY • CCT PROVIDES A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT • IN CCT, THE CLIENT DETERMINES THE PACE & DIRECTION OF THERAPY

50. CARL ROGERS • ANXIETY IS CAUSED BY INCONSISTENCY (INCONGRUENCY) BETWEEN A PERSON’S SELF-CONCEPT AND REALITY. • HOW YOU PERCEIVE YOURSELF • FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON