Web 2.0 – Implications for Library Services

1. Web 2.0 – Implications for Library Services Usha Mujoo Munshi Indian Institute of Public Administration New Delhi National Workshop on Library 2.0: A Gobal Information Hub 5-6 february 2009

2. Presentation Agenda • Fundamentals of Web 2.0 technologies: • What are they? How do they work? Why should we use them? How are they changing education? • Important Web 2.0 technologies • How technology, fits into the larger Web 2.0 shift, and explore potential uses in Libraries

3. Background • Web ? • Library ? ? 2.0 Implications for Libraries “Web 1.0 was making the Internet for people, web 2.0 is making the Internet better for computers” Jeff Bezos

4. Web 2.0 October 2004 – Tim O’Reilly coined the term Web 2.0 Web 1.0 Web 2.0 DoubleClick Google AdSense Ofoto Flickr Akamai BitTorrent mp3.com Napster Britannica Online Wikipedia personal websites blogging Evite upcoming.org and EVDB domain name speculation search engine optimization page views cost per click screen scraping web services Publishing participation content management systems wikis directories (taxonomy) tagging ("folksonomy") Stickiness syndication (folksonomy" (in contrast to taxonomy), a style of collaborative categorization of sites using freely chosen keywords, often referred to as tags.)

5. Essentially, not a web of textual publication, A matrix of dialogues, not a collection of monologues. Allow for collaboration and sharing of information Are easy to use But a web of multi-sensory communication A user-centered Web in ways it has not been thus far Web 2.0 : Term is widely defined, used & interpreted Web based applications that • Encourage users to help build the information environment • Allow for the reuse of data ."Web 1.0 was commerce. Web 2.0 is people," Ross Mayfield, the CEO of SocialText, a company that sells collaborative wiki software to enterprises and that is hosting the Web 2.0 wiki,

6. Tim O'Reilly, where the web rather than the deskWeb 2.0 is an "architecture of participation" a constellation made up of links between web applications that rival desktop applications, the blog publishing revolution and self-service advertising. This architecture is based on social software where users generate content, rather than simply consume it, and on open programming interfaces that let developers add to a web service or get at data. It is an arena top is the dominant platform, and organization appears spontaneously through the actions of the group, for example, in the creation of folksonomies created through tagging Bubble Technology Two Players PROducer conSUMER

7. Application Program Interface Del.icio.us Remote Appl Gmail.com Slideshare.net Open Social Appl (n/w) Linkedin.com Twitter.com Facebook.com YouTube.com PRO + SUMER Flickr.com wikipedia.com Cafepress.com Your world ! Your imagination! 3-D virtual world created by its Residents Mashup Attendr.com SecondLife.com

8. Things you can do Original Source: Markus Angermeier Source: http://kosmar.de/archives/2005/11/11/the-huge-cloud-lens-bubble-map-web20/ URL: http://kosmar.de/wp-content/web20map.png Web 2.0 = Open Social Environment facilitating Social Media Conversation People You Know Source : AJ Kelton; Sarah "Intellagirl" Robbins, Educause 2008

9. An attitude not a technology. Paul's Web 2.0 Presages a freeing of data Permits the building of virtual applications Is participative applications are modular is about sharing: is about communication and facilitating community is about remix is smart. opens up the Long Tail Participative--blogs, sharing files, or equivalent Amazon customer reviews, e.g. WikiPedia, e.g. Flickr, e.g. • Web 2.0 is built upon Trust, whether that be trust placed in individuals, in assertions, or in the uses and reuses of data. Principles of Web2.0 • Building of virtual applications--drawing data and functionality from a number of different sources as appropriate. These applications tend to be small, they tend to be relatively rapid to deploy • E.g., various applications of Google Maps • Leveraging the long tail through customer self-service • Remix!—perhaps the most important concept—also called “mashups” • Find the relevant snippets and make them ours as well as the originators’ • use knowledge of us to deliver services that meet our needs • Deliver rich user experiences in Web 2.0

10. From YouTube to Facebook to Scriblink to StumbleUpon, new Web 2.0 applications are popping up in our browsers daily. But what is all the hubbub really about? Let us find out before venturing into what Lib 2.0 can inherit from this (Web 2.0) Web 2.0 Applications :

11. GOOGLE Docs : ? • Docs, presentations, spreadsheets, forms remote applications: • Always up to date, always compatible • Useful for collaboration and • remote storage • Use in Academic Sector : • collaborative works • google book - where groups of students answer questions and post for everyone • like the idea of quick surveys via forms • can track request for special needs • of users/students • Works well for synchronous collaboration as well. • For example: student writing - drafts can be reviewed and edited by instructor with (almost) instant feedback to the student. • Such facilities may work well for the library as well

12. Twitter.com ? • Can be called a - • Microblog = IM + Blog + Social network Multichannel : (use ) to & from in multiple • forms (SMS, Voice, Web, Email etc.) • Service for friends, family, and co–workers to communicate and stay connected through the exchange of quick, frequent answers • Facilitates Discussion/timely updates - Asynchronous mode you can stay hyper–connected to people you want Twitter puts you in control and becomes a modern antidote to information overload Twitter is the telegraph system of Web 2.0. (Nicholas Carr, Author and Technologist )

13. Flickr.com ? • Photo and short video sharing Service • Hosting service • Online photo management and sharing application in the world • Student use of images for • presentations, better than Google • images • A repository for class project images • and videos

14. Del.icio.us ? • Social bookmarking • Folksonomy : collaborative • classification using tags • (describing content, use, or • quality) • Current events in your discipline. • Shared resources contributed by • students • Using folksonomic tags as • evaluative descriptions of sources • Discovering sources Diigo.com & Zotero.com are also folksonomy services worth checking out

15. Slideshare.com? • Slideshow sharing site • Easy to upload slides to share with other • Rate and comment on the slideshows of others • A public link for presentation materials • for faculty &student sharing content. • Evaluating and critiquing presentations, • arguments • Discovering information from outside sources

16. Netvibes.com ? • Content aggregator • Collaborative content sites • Lets individuals assemble • their favorite widgets, websites, • blogs, email accounts, social • networks, search engines, instant • messengers, photos, videos, • podcasts,& everything else they • enjoy on the web -all in one place. • A global community of users who are taking control of their digital lives by personalizing their web experience. • A widget platform that is used by thousands of publishers around the world. • Aggregating resources for a course. Contributed by the students and a community • One-stop-shop for information you use often igoogle and others offer similar services • Easy to aggregate content from many contributors • Contributors must know what tags the netvibes page is looking for

17. Ning.com ? • Create your own social network • Free with ads • Collaboration/sharing tool for coterie • Professional networks, event • planning, shared collaborative space • Creating a course site outside of an • LMS

18. Others: http://www.youtube.com/ YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. A Web 2.0 Tool So What does all this mean? Do You Think these will create a new paradigm for all stakeholders? libraries themselves, their users, content authors, publishers & software vendors.

19. Lib 2.0 • Disruptive change • Challenges our considerations of our library services • Challenges our current forms of offering our information services to our users

20. Library 2.0 • September 2005 – Michael Casey (Library Crunch) coined the term Library 2.0 = web 2.0 concepts and applications in the LIS realm (but there isn’t agreement on the definition) Read the equation … • Web 2.0 + Library = Library 2.0? -PERHAPS • Librarian 2.0 = Librarian + Web 2.0 Library 2.0 = (books 'n stuff + people + radical trust) x participation (Ref : Casey, M. (2006b). LibraryCrunch: bringing you a library 2.0 perspective. Accessed December 1, 2006, from http://www.librarycrunch.com/ )

22. Library 2.0 is all about library users -- keeping those we have while actively seeking those who do not currently use our services.  • It's about embracing those ideas and technologies that can assist libraries in delivering services to these groups, and • it's about participation -- involving users in service creation and evaluation. • http://www.squidoo.com/library20/ • Creating user friendly services that people expect, and encouraging participation • Areas of change: policy, programming, physical spaces, and technology

23. There are many interpretations of the definition given by many bloggers “Library 2.0” as “the application of interactive, collaborative, and multi-media web-based technologies to web-based library services and collections” If we take it in the straightest possible way then Lib 2.0 is web-based services, and not (traditional) library services so to say

24. What – How – Why (from a lib perspective) • What: ILS disaggregation, recombination and integration -Make services available at the point of need rather than making users always come to the services, whether they be physical site specific or Web site specific • Active Web vs Passive Web • Library “take” on Web 2.0 • [see Talis] http://www.talis.com/home/ • How: (open code/standards +) API, Mashups [see Programmable Web], AJAX [see OJAX], Greasemonkey [see LibraryThing], Firefox Plugins [see Del.icio.us search plugins]… • Why: Putting libraries out of the walled gardens (breaking information silos) => remix content – foster user participation Early adopters: WPOPAC, (http://www.plymouth.edu/library/opac/) Penn Tags (http://tags.library.upenn.edu/)

25. http://ojax.sourceforge.net/ OJAX –Repository metasearch tool OJAX provides a highly dynamic AJAX based user interface to a federated search service for OAI-PMH compatible repository metadata. Provide a single search interface across all the repositories in use in an institution or consortium. Or provide an improved search interface to a single repository Faster resource discovery. Easy to use, and support. Auto-completion of search terms Triggering of auto-searches see OJAX in action. Ihttp://ojax.sourceforge.net/demo.html - • Ajax, or AJAX(asynchronous JavaScript and XML), is a group of interrelated web development techniques used for creating interactive web applications or rich Internet applications. • With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. • Ajax has gained the recent trend of interactive animation. Data is retrieved using the XML Http Request object or through the use of Remote Scripting in browsers that do not support it. • Despite the name, the use of JavaScript and XML is not required, and they do not have to be used asynchronously.[3]

26. Library 2.0 A user-centered virtual community Is a socially rich often egalitarian electronic space Librarian 2.0 Might act as a facilitator & provide support, BUT Not necessarily primarily responsible for the creation of the content Essential Elements Library 2.0 Users Interact with and create resources with one another & with librarians A library's presence on the Web in Library 2.0 includes the presence of that library's constituency and utilizes the same applications and technologies as its community – a concept important for particularly the academic libraries In some ways it is a virtual reality for libraries a Web manifestation of the library as place.

27. It is user-centered. Users participate in the creation of the content and services they view within the library's web-presence, OPAC, etc. The consumption and creation of content is dynamic, and thus the roles of librarian and user are not always clear. Four essential elements: User Centric Multi media Character Social Networking Community oriented Essential Elements Library 2.0 • It provides a multi-media experience . Both the collections and services of Library 2.0 contain video and audio components. While this is not often cited as a function of Library 2.0, it is here suggested that it should be. Jack M. Manesshttp://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/engineering/staff.htm

28. Essential Elements L 2.0 • It is socially rich . The library's web-presence includes users' presences. There are both synchronous (e.g. IM) and asynchronous (e.g. wikis) ways for users to communicate with one another and with librarians. • It is communally innovative. This is perhaps the single most important aspect of Library 2.0. It rests on the foundation of libraries as a community service, but understands that as communities change, libraries must not only change with them, they must allow users to change the library. It seeks to continually change its services, to find new ways to allow communities, not just individuals to seek, find, and utilize information. Jack M. Manesshttp://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/engineering/staff.htm

31. Implications of W 2 on L 2 • “Library 2.0" • Suggests that the changing Web as "Web 2.0" will have substantial implications for libraries • Recognizes that while these implications keep very close to the history and mission of libraries, they still necessitate a new paradigm for librarianship. • How Web 2.0 technologies might intimate changes in how libraries provide access to their collections and user support for that access. Web 2.0 Applications

32. Evolving Web and the Evolving libraryWeb 2.0 Applications • Synchronous Messaging • Streaming Media • Blogs and Wikis • Social Networks • Tagging • RSS Feeds • Mashups

33. Library invites participation • Lib 2.0 is about encouraging and enabling a library’s community of users to participate, contributing their own views on resources they have used and new ones to which they might wish access. Synchronous Messaging • consistent with the tenets of Library 2.0 • Allows – • a user presence within the library web-presence; • collaboration between patrons and librarians; • a more dynamic experience than the fundamentally static, created-then-consume nature of 1.0 services. • Also considered 2.0 as it is becoming a more web-based application, and the software used by chat reference services is usually much more robust that the simplistic IM applications that are so popular • they often allow co-browsing, file-sharing, screen-capturing, and data sharing and mining of previous transcripts. This technology has already been embraced quite rapidly by the library community. More widely known as instant messaging (IM) Allows real-time text communication between individuals. Libraries have begun employing it to provide "chat reference" services, where patrons can synchronously communicate with librarians much as they would in a face-to-face reference context.

34. Future of these technologies in the library arena • Going to be fascinating and attention-grabbing • By providing this interactive Web service, libraries have positioned themselves to adopt its successors quickly and expertly. • Text-based nature of IM applications is changing into a more multi-media experience audio and video messaging is becoming more common • Become ubiquitous, as they provide more multi-sensory experiences • Hence available throughout the library's web-presence • Referencing ? • It is conceivable that should a user allow such a service, these chat reference services can be prompted when certain user seeking behaviors are detected. • Library 2.0 will know when, users are lost and will offer immediate, real-time assistance. • The time will almost certainly soon come when Web reference is nearly indistinguishable from face-to-face reference; librarians and patrons will see and hear each other, and will share screens and files. • The transcripts these sessions already provide will serve library science in ways that face-to-face reference never did. • For the first time in the history of libraries, there will be a continuously collected transcription of the reference transaction, always awaiting evaluation, analysis, cataloging, and retrieval for future reference.

35. Streaming Media • Streaming of video and audio media is another application that many might consider Web 1.0, as it also predates • For libraries to begin maximizing streaming media's usefulness for their patrons, 2.0 thinking will be necessary. • Library instruction delivered online has begun incorporating more interactive, media-rich facets. • The static, text-based explanation coupled with a handout to be downloaded is being supplemented by more experiential tutorials. For instance – • Association of College and Research Libraries' - Peer Reviewed Instructional Materials Online (PRIMO). – an Instruction Section provides a database of tutorials, many of which are Web 2.0 in their nature • Perhaps these tutorials are first of library services to migrate • into more the more socially rich Web 2.0. • Focus on the user—user-centered design essential • Excellent searching is necessary but not sufficient (Roy Tennant: “Librarians like to search. Users like to find.”) • Beyond discovery—delivery! • Social computing enriches the user experience & encourages user involvement

36. Streaming Media ……. • Many of these tutorials use Flash programming, screen-cast software, or streaming audio or video, and couple the media presentation with interactive quizzing; users respond to questions and the system responds in kind. • These could take the form of multi-media chat rooms or wikis, and users will interact with one another and the learning object at hand, much as they would in a classroom or instruction lab. • Another implication of streaming media for libraries is more along the lines of collections instead of services. As media is created, libraries will inevitably be the institutions responsible for archiving and providing access to them. • Libraries are already beginning to explore providing such datasets through digital repository applications and digital asset management technologies. • Yet these applications are generally separate from the library's catalog, & this fracture will need to be mended. • Library 2.0 will show no distinction between or among formats and the points at which they may be accessed.

37. Blogs and Wikis • Blogs and wikis are fundamentally 2.0, and their global proliferation has enormous implications for libraries • Most obvious implication of blogs for libraries is that they are another form of publication and need to be treated as such • Lack editorial governance and the security this provides, but many are nonetheless integral productions in a body of knowledge, and the absence of them in a library collection could soon become unthinkable • Wikis are essentially open web-pages, where anyone registered with the wiki can publish to it, amend it, and change it. Much as blogs • A library wiki as a service can enable social interaction among librarians and patrons, essentially moving the study group room online. • Blogs and wikis are relatively quick solutions for moving library collections and services into Web 2.0. • Take advantage of the richness of our catalogs AND all of our repositories • Enrich source data • Consolidate print collections, e-resources, digital repositories, and the open resources from the Web • Expose hidden collections!

38. Blogs and Wikis……. • This beginning of Library 2.0 makes collections and services more interactive and user-centered, enable information consumers to contact information producers and become co-producers themselves • It could be that Library 2.0 blurs the line between librarian and patron, creator and consumer, authority and novice. • The potential for this dramatic change is very real and immediate, a fact that places an incredible amount of importance on information literacy. • In a world where no information is inherently authoritative and valid, the critical thinking skills of information literacy are paramount to all other forms of learning.

39. How do I start to blog? • Installed Services • Movable Type - http://movabletype.org • Wordpress – http://www.wordpress.org • Blosxom - http://www.blosxom.com • B2evolution – • http://b2evolution.com • More … • Hosted Services • Blogger - http://www.blogger.com • DiaryLand - http://www.diaryland.com • LiveJournal - http://www.livejournal.com • TypePad - http://www.typepad.com • UThink - http://blog.lib.umn.edu • More …

40. Wiki Software • Installed services • Kwiki - http://www.kwiki.org/ • Twiki - http://www.twiki.org/ • PhpWiki - http://phpwiki.sourceforge.net/ • MediaWiki - http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki • See them all - http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiEngines • Hosted services (Wiki Farms) • Wikispaces - http://www.wikispaces.com • JotSpot - http://jotspot.com • Other Wiki farms - http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiFarms • Compare Wiki software • http://www.wikimatrix.org/

41. Social Networks • Social networks are perhaps the most promising and embracing technology and noteworthy as well • No imagination required to begin seeing a library as a social network itself • Much of libraries' role throughout history has been as a communal gathering place, one of shared identity, communication, and action. • Social networking could enable librarians and patrons not only to interact, but • to share and change resources dynamically in an electronic medium. • USERS • Allow users to create accounts with the library network, • See what other users have in common to their information needs, • Recommend resources to one another, and the network recommends resources to users, based on similar profiles, demographics, previously-accessed sources, and a host of data that users provide. • Enable users to choose what is public and what is not, • a notion that could help circumvent the privacy issues Library 2.0 raises • Well integrated with all library systems and services • Interoperable via a layer of Web services • Scalable, enabling libraries to harvest new sources • Evolvable, to support new standards and user needs

42. Social Networks ……. • Of all the social aspects of Web 2.0, it could be that the social network and its successors most greatly mirror that of the traditional library. • Social networks, in some sense, are Library 2.0. • The face of the library's web-presence in the future may look very much like a social network interface • For example • LibraryThing. http://www.librarything.com/ • Enables users to catalog their books and view what other users share those books. • The implications of this site on how librarians recommend reading to users are apparent. LibraryThing enables users, thousands of them potentially, to recommend books to one another simply by viewing one another's collections. • It also enables them to communicate asynchronously, blog, and “tag” their books.

44. Tagging • Tagging essentially enables users to create subject headings for the object at hand. • Is essentially Web 2.0 because it allows users to add and change not only content (data), but content describing content (metadata) • Tags and standardized subjects are not mutually exclusive. • The catalog of Library 2.0 would enable users to follow both standardized and user-tagged subjects; whichever makes most sense to them. • In turn, they can add tags to resources. • The user responds to the system, the system to the user. This tagged catalog is an open catalog, a customized, user-centered catalog. • It is library science at its best. • Tagging simply makes lateral searching easier. Example : often-cited example of the U.S. Library of Congress's Subject Heading “cookery,” which no English speaker would use when referring to “cookbooks,” illustrates the problem of standardized classification. Tagging would turn the useless “cookery” to the useful “cookbooks” instantaneously, and lateral searching would be greatly facilitated.

45. RSS Feeds – Really Simple Syndication • Libraries are creating RSS feeds for users to subscribe to, • including updates on new items in a collection, • new services, and new content in subscription databases. • They are also republishing content on their sites • However libraries have yet to explore ways of using RSS more pervasively • Examples: • For Details how libraries use RSS feeds for patron use CHECK • RSS4Lib: Innovative ways libaries use RSS. http://blogs.fletcher.tufts.edu/rss4lib/ • BlogBridge -software to organize the library (not a content) • Syndication of content is another Web 2.0 application that is already having an impact on libraries, and could continue to do so in remarkable ways. • RSS feeds and other related technologies provide users a way to syndicate and republish content on the Web. • Users republish content from other sites or blogs on their sites or blogs, aggregate content on other sites in a single place, and ostensibly distill the Web for their personal use.

46. RSS Feeds……. • How do I subscribe to a feed? • Use an RSS reader • Mozilla Thunderbird email client - http://www.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird/ • SharpReader desktop application- http://www.sharpreader.net/ • Bloglines web client– http://www.bloglines.com/ • Let’s subscribe to a feed: http://freerangelibrarian.com/ • it is conceivable that this syndication will replace browsing and searching through library websites for content • BlogBridge: Library (BBL), and similar RSS aggregator applications, installed in a library's system and coupled with the social network of the library, will enable users to have a single, customized, personal library page that syndicates all the library content of interest to them and their research, eliminating irrelevant information. • And users will, of course, control that page and that content.

47. Mashups • Perhaps the single conceptual underpinning to all the technologies • Ostensibly hybrid applications, where two or more technologies or services are conflated into a completely new, novel service • Example: Retrivr, for example, conflates Flickr'simage database and an experimental information architecture algorithm to enable users to search images not by metadata, but by the data itself. Users search for images by sketching images. • Another example is WikiBios,a site where users create online biographies of one another, essentially blending blogs with social networks. • Library 2.0 is a mashup. • It is a hybrid of blogs, wikis, streaming media, content aggregators, instant messaging, and social networks. • Library 2.0 remembers a user when they log in. • It allows the user to editOPAC data and metadata, saves the user's tags, IM conversations with librarians, wiki entries with other users (and catalogs all of these for others to use), and the user is able to make all or part of their profile public; users can see what other users have similar items checked-out, borrow and lend tags, and a giant user-driven catalog is created and mashed with the traditional catalog.

48. Core Competencies 2.0 [Library & Web] • Services, not packaged software, with cost-effective scalability • Control over unique, hard-to-recreate data sources that get richer as more people use them • Trusting users as co-developers • Harnessing collective intelligence • Leveraging the long tail through customer self-service • Software above the level of a single device • Lightweight user interfaces, development models, AND business models

49. How L2 works in libraries • OPAC 2.0: records tagging, RSS for search results, acquisitions and alerts, user agents, openurl, federated search, user reviews, open search, recommendations, communities (Googlezon model) • Subject based wikis • Bloglines trusted feeds • Library blogs • IM reference • RSS alerts for library news • Pod-video-casting guides to library services • Personal search engines for reference (Swiki, Gigablast) • Collaborative web (MySpace, Protopage, NetVibes…) for communicating with users • OPML [see L2 ALA blog], [ Here ] social bookmarking [see Del.icio.us], [Here ] and socialtagging [CiteULike, Flickr…] [ Here ] for integration with VLEs • …

50. How can your library start? • Start a library blog • Create an Emerging Technology Committee • Train staff to use an RSS aggregator • Experiment and use 2.0 Tools • Implement IM reference • Use LibGuides is an ideal tool for librarians to share knowledge and publish useful information • http://tametheweb.com/2005/11/5_suggestions_for_upgrading_to.html 100 Free Library 2.0 Webinars and Tutorials Creating a 2.0 Library: This webinar discusses how you can create a more interactive library using Web 2.0 technologies. ...www.collegeathome.com/blog/2008/05/29/100-free-library-20-webinars-and-tutorials/