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Computer Architecture CST 250

Computer Architecture CST 250. Microprocessor Registers Prepared by:Omar Hirzallah. Contents. General Purpose Registers Index Registers Segment Registers Special Registers Programming Languages. The Registers in CPU.

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Computer Architecture CST 250

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  1. Computer ArchitectureCST 250 Microprocessor Registers Prepared by:Omar Hirzallah

  2. Contents • General Purpose Registers • Index Registers • Segment Registers • Special Registers • Programming Languages

  3. The Registers in CPU Processor uses a very high speed small in size memory device during data processing which are called registers C.P.U Registers Segment Registers General Purpose Registers Index Registers Special Registers • Accumulator • Base • Count • Data • Stack Pointer • Base Pointer • Source Index • Destination Index • Code Segment • Data Segment • Stack Segment • Extra Segment • Instructions Pointer • Flags Register

  4. General Purpose Registers: Accumulator (AH, AL, AX, EAX): It accumulates the results from mathematical calculations and can be used for data movement. AH 8 bits, AL 8 bits, AX 16 bits, EAX 32 bits Base (BH,BL,BX, EBX):It points to memory locations and it can be used for data movement and arithmetic. (Points to data in the Data Segment) BH 8 bits, BL 8 bits, BX 16 bits, EBX 32 bits Count (CH, CL, CX, ECX): This counter is used typically for loops. It can be automatically incremented or decremented. CH 8 bits, CL 8 bits, CX 16 bits, ECX 32 bits Data (DH,DL, DX, EDX): It is used in calculations. It is also used significantly for multiply / divide operation. DH 8 bits, DL 8 bits, DX 16 bits, EDX 32 bits

  5. C.P.U Registers

  6. INDEX REGISTERS: Stack Pointer (SP, ESP): It points to the location of the stack (points to the end of the stack). SP 16 bits, ESP 32 bits Base Pointer (BP, EBP): It is also used to point inside the stack. It is used to access the sub routine data. BP 16 bits, EBP 32 bits Source Index (SI, ESI): It is used for string operations (points to the source). SI 16 bits, ESI 32 bits Destination Index Register (DI, EDI): It is used for string operations (points to the destination). DI 16 bits, EDI 32 bits

  7. SEGMENT REGISTERS (ALL 16 bits) • Code Segment (CS):It points to the memory area where program's instructions are stored. • Data Segment (DS):It points to the memory area where program's data is stored. • Stack Segment (SS):It points to the memory area where stack is stored. • Extra Segment (ES): It can be used to point to additional data segments, if necessary.

  8. SPECIALREGISTERS: • SPECIAL REGISTERS: • Instruction Pointer (IP, EIP): It points to the next instruction that the processor is going to execute. (also called program counter) • Flags Register (Flag, Eflag): It contains individual bits set by different operations. • CF  Carry • OF  Overflow • ZF  Zero • SF  Sign

  9. Programming Languages: There are basically two types of programming languages: • High Level Languages (Pascal, Basic, Cobol, C, Fortran etc.) • Low Level Languages (Assembly) Each processor has a set of assembly instructions called “Instruction Set”. CISC stands for Complex Instructions Set Computers RISC stands for Reduced Instructions Set Computers Assembly Language Assembler Machine Language

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