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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. The Sounds of language. Phonetics. Phonetics = The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds Articulatory phonetics = the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 The Sounds of language

  2. Phonetics Phonetics = The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds Articulatory phonetics = the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) = An already established analytic frame work for the study of speech segments that has been developed and refined for over a hundred years In this chapter, we will look at • how symbols of this alphabet are used to represent both the consonant and vowel sounds of English words • what physical aspects of the human vocal tract are involved in the production of those sounds

  3. Voiced vs. Voiceless Sounds Air is pushed out by Lungs Trachea Larynx (vocal folds) • When the vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded (voiceless sounds) S-S-S-S or F-F-F-F 2. When the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect (voiced sounds) Z-Z-Z-Z or V-V-V-V

  4. Place of Articulation Most consonant sounds are produced by using the tongue and other parts of the mouth to constrict, in some way, the shape of the oral cavity through which the air is passing. The terms used to describe many sounds are those which denote the place of articulation of the sound: that is, the location inside the mouth at which the constriction takes place.

  5. Sounds: • Consonants • Vowels • Diphthongs Look at Consonants in terms of: • Voiced vs. Voiceless • Place of Articulation • Manner of Articulation Sound symbols will be enclosed within square brackets [ ]

  6. Familiar Vs. Unfamiliar Symbols

  7. Manner of Articulation

  8. Describe Consonants Voiced vs. Voiceless Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation A full description of the [t] sound at the beginning of a word like ten is : voicelessalveolarstop

  9. Glottal stops an flaps The glottal stop, represented by the symbol [ʔ], occurs when the space between the vocal folds (the glottis) is closed completely (very briefly), then released e.g. butter or bottle The flap is represented by [D] or sometimes [ɾ]. This sound is produced by the tongue tip tapping the alveolar ridge briefly e.g. butter “budder”

  10. Vowels While the consonant sounds are mostly articulated via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract, vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air They are all typically voiced To describe vowel sounds, we consider the way in which the tongue influences the shape through which the airflow must pass Inside the mouth we’ll have a front versus a back and a high versus a low area Table 3.3 & examples pg.33

  11. Diphthongs Sounds that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds We move from one vocalic position [a] to another [ɪ] as we produce the sound [aɪ], as in Hi or Bye

  12. the end

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