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Spiral CT in Radiology: Advancements and Challenges

Learn about Spiral CT technology, helical reconstruction, volume scanning, and data acquisition challenges in radiology imaging. Explore the benefits and drawbacks of spiral vs. conventional CT methods.

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Spiral CT in Radiology: Advancements and Challenges

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  1. Single Slice Spiral - Helical CT Oh no, not more physics…

  2. Spiral CT • Incentives for development • Shorter study times • Improved 3D imaging • New technology required • Slip ring • Allows continuous gantry rotation

  3. Conventional (Non-spiral) CT • Tube rotates once around patient • Table stationary • data for one slice collected • Table increments one slice thickness • Repeat • Tube rotates opposite direction

  4. Volume Scanning • Data collected continuously • Table moves continuously • Focal spot traces spiral pathwith respect to patient

  5. Helical Reconstruction Complication • Patient moves as gantry rotates • No two fan beams at same z coordinate “z” direction

  6. As Gantry Rotates,Fan Angles Repeat • Distance between repetitions is movement of table during one rotation “z” direction

  7. Data Acquisition Challenges • Projection data not confined to single slice • Streak artifacts • caused by motion • special algorithms required Position at start of rotation Position at start of rotation Position of interest

  8. Calculating Fan Beams at Odd Locationsusing Interpolation • No complete data set for any single z location • Use 2 closest beams in correct orientation • Calculate beam attenuation by interpolating between adjacent beams “z” direction

  9. Spiral Reconstruction Algorithms = real data point • Uses interpolation for • input projection data • output slice attenuation data • Slice can be calculated at any position from raw projection data coordinate of interest Interpolated data

  10. Disadvantage of Interpolation Trust me, interpolation is a guess • Can increase effective slice thickness • Calculation averages data measured at many z values “z” direction

  11. Data Acquisition Challenges • No single slice defined by acquisition geometry • slice localization more difficult • Different slice volume geometry • conventional: cylinder • spiral: wafer with radial crack • Slight increase in effective slice thickness • slice thickness influenced by • fan beam thickness • speed of table motion

  12. Table Moves During Helical Scanning table increment during one rotation Slice Pitch = --------------------------------------- slice thickness Slice thickness TableIncrement

  13. Table Moves During Helical Scanning • Slice thickness determined by collimation • Table motion per revolution determined by table speed table motion during one rotation Slice Pitch = --------------------------------------- slice thickness Slice thickness TableIncrement

  14. Single-Slice Detectors • Many detectors rotate around patient • Single row in z-direction • Slice thickness determined by collimation SliceThickness Z-Axis

  15. Pitch = 1 • Pitch = 1 means patient moves exactly one slice thickness per revolution of tube table motion during one tube rotation Slice Pitch = ---------------------------------------------- slice thickness Beam positions when tube directly above patient

  16. Pitch <1 • Pitch < 1 means patient moves less than a slice thickness during one tube rotation • Can improve visualization of objects table motion during one tube rotation Slice Pitch = ----------------------------------------------- slice thickness Beam positions when tube directly above patient

  17. Pitch >1 • Pitch > 1 means patient moves further than slice thickness during one tube rotation table motion during one tube rotation Slice Pitch = ---------------------------------------------- slice thickness Beam positions when tube directly above patient

  18. Pitch >1 • No gap in image coverage when viewing study table motion during one tube rotation Slice Pitch = ---------------------------------------------- slice thickness No Gap Beam position when tube directly belowpatient

  19. Spiral vs. Conventional CT & Patient Dose • Dose is strongly dependent on pitch Please explain. Inquiring minds wanna know

  20. Pitch = 1 • equivalent dose to non-spiral

  21. Pitch >1 • lower dose for spiral • Table moves faster • Table increment per tube rotation > one slice thickness

  22. Pitch <1 • higher dose for spiral • Table moves slower • table increment per tube rotation < one slice thickness

  23. Pitch & Dose • Dose inversely proportional to pitch • Pitch = 0.5 => Dose doubles • Pitch = 2 => Dose cut in half

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