Ph.D. Ewa Połom I nstitute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes

1. THE UTILISATIONOF WASTE LACTOSE WITH MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES USAGE Ph.D. Ewa PołomInstitute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes

2. Plan of presentation 1. Introduction 2. Integrated systems of environmental protection 3. Whey as a source of valuable products 4. Membrane techniques proposed for lactic acid LA, manufacturing 5. Zr(IV)/PAA Dynamically formed membranes DMF 6. The scheme of the experimental set-up 7. Statistical examination of experimental results 7. Conclusions

3. Introduction air pollution water raw materials main product production process energy solid wastes liquid wastes

4. Integrated systems of environmental protection energy recovery re-use recycling deposition POLLUTION PREVENTION cleaner strategy cleaning strategy

5. Diary industry main products cheeses yoghurts skim milk Main waste from food processing whey proteins 0,8% minerals and vitamins 0,5% lactose 5% fats 0,3% lactic acid 0,2%

6. Lactic acid LA stereoisomers • Possibilities of LA obtaining : • Chemical synthesis from oil-based non renewable resources • Biotechnical processes based on fermentation of industrial wastes

7. The main steps in the process of waste lactose conversion to LA or ethanol Feedstock preparation Sugar conversion Product separation /purification Product concentration

8. The membranes techniques proposed for LA manufacturing by waste lactose fermentation • Prefiltration of solutions before fermentation processes • Selection of lactic acid from post -fermentiation solution • Conversion of lactic acid salts into lactic acid • Purification and concentration of lactic acid solutions

9. Integrated scheme of LA production with product neutralisation lactose + lactic acid bacteria Fermentation post fermentaive solution UF MODULE sodium lactate ED UNIT lactic acid

10. The conception of LAproduction from whey with continuous product disposal

11. The characteristic of Zr(IV)/PAA dynamically formed membranes DFM

12. DF MEMBRANE Zr(IV)/PAA DF MEMBRANES Zr(IV)/PAA EMS PHOTOS b) Cross- section of two NF DFM Zr(IV)/PAA layers: ZrO(OH)2 and PAA a) Top view of NF DFM Zr(IV)/PAA surface of PAA layer K.S. Menon, Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson 1988

13. The scheme of the experimental set-up ´

14. Statistical examinations of NF LA solutions experimental results Independent variables description Forms of obtained polynomial models: r=0,35–0,05x1+0,104x2+0,08x3–0,09x4+0,14x1x4–0,044x2x4+0,03x1x2x4+0,03x2x3x4 (1) r=0,49–0,027x1+0,11x2+0,1x3–0,077x4+0,135x1x4–0,044 x2x4–0,061x32–0,077x42 (2)

15. Influence of NF process parameters on LA DFM Zr(IV)PAA selectivity Values of parameters allow to obtain rmax x1u = 1,0 [m/s] x2pH = 8,0 x3Dp = 5,52 [MPa] rmax= 0,82 x4 cLA= 0,02 [mol/l] Values of parameters allow to obtain rmin x1u = 2,6[m/s] x2pH = 4,0 r min 0,02 x3Dp = 1,42 [MPa] x4 cLA= 0,02[mol/l]

16. Conclusions • Fermentation of waste lactose connected with lactic acid manufacturing is the best way of whey utilisation which corresponds to the integrated systems of environmental protection rules • Employing pressure membrane techniques in utilisation of whey process brings profits from both: environmental and economical points of view • Zr(IV)/PAA DFMcan be use in LA separation from fermentative solutions and purification of selected product.