The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson: 1801 – 1809

1. The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson:1801 – 1809 Unit 4: The Early Republic, 1789 – 1815 APUSH Mrs. Baker

2. Revolution of 1800 What was the significance of the Election of 1800?

3. The Changing of the Guard • “Let us then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things…But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” • Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address, 1801 • What key idea is Jefferson trying to express as he takes over the presidency in 1801?

4. Jefferson’s First Term Winning over the Federalists Retaining Republican loyalty • Domestic • Maintained the national bank • Debt-repayment plan of Hamilton • Foreign • Carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams • Followed principle of limited central government • Reduced the size of the military • Eliminated a number of federal jobs • Repealed the excise taxes • Lowered national debt • Only Republicans were appointed to cabinet • Sought to avoid the internal divisions that distracted Washington

5. The Louisiana Purchase

6. Explain the significance of the Louisiana Purchase. How did the purchase challenge Jefferson’s political beliefs?

7. Before the Purchase • From 1763 to 1800, Spain claimed Louisiana and New Orleans • US retained rights to port of New Orleans with the Pinckney Treaty • In 1800, French military and Napoleon secretly forced Spain to give the Louisiana Territory back to France. • Napoleon hoped to restore power in North America • By 1803, Napoleon lost interest for two reasons: • He needed to concentrate French resources on fighting England • Rebellion led by Toussaint l’Ouverture against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo resulted in heavy French losses

8. U.S. Interest in the Mississippi River • With the expansion of American settlers into Indian territory beyond Ohio and Kentucky • Settlers in region depended on transporting goods on rivers that flowed westward into the Mississippi and southward as far as New Orleans for their economic existence. • 1802, Spanish officials closed the port of New Orleans to Americans. • Revoked the right to deposit granted by the Pinckney Treaty of 1795. • Jefferson feared the risk of continual U.S. entanglement in European affairs as a result of foreign control of river. • U.S. needed to control the Mississippi River

9. Negotiations Original U.S. strategy Frances Offer • Jefferson sent ministers to France with instructions to offer up to $10 million for both New Orleans and a strip of land extending fro, the port eastward to Florida. • If negotiations failed, ministers were instructed to begin discussions with Britain for a U.S.-British alliance. • Seeking funds for war against Britain, Napoleons ministers offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. • American ministers accepted offer without permission.

10. Constitutional Predicament • Jefferson and most Americans strongly approved of the Purchase • Created a constitutional problem for Jefferson • Challenged his belief in interpreting the constitution strictly. • Jefferson set aside his idealism for the best of the country. • Argued that lands could be added to the United States as an application of the president’s power to make treaties.

11. Impact of the Purchase Doubled the size of the United States Removed a foreign presence from the nation’s borders. Guaranteed the extension of the western frontier to lands beyond the Mississippi Strengthened Jefferson’s belief of creating a nation based on agrarian principles.

13. Discuss Jefferson’s decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory, and explain the political and economic impact of this decision on the United States.

14. The Marshall Court Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall 1801 – 1835 Federalist

15. Shaping the Role of the Supreme Court • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Jefferson wanted to block the Federalist appointments made by Adams during the last minutes of his presidency. • Secretary of State James Madison was ordered not to deliver the commissions • William Marbury sued for his commission • Supreme Court Ruling: • Marbury had the right to his commission BUT… • The Judiciary Act of 1789, which allowed for his commission, was unconstitutional so he could not be given his commission.

16. Significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established the policy of: JUDICIAL REVIEW Supreme Court would exercise the power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was or was not allowed by the Constitution.

17. Impact of the Marshall Court Strengthened the power of the federal government at the cost of state government power More cases to come 

18. Jefferson’s Second Term

19. Aaron Burr • Federalist Conspiracy • Burr secretly formed a political pact with some radical New England Federalists. • Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804 and unite that state with the New England states • Lead the group of states to secede from nation. • Hamilton led Federalist opposition against Burr • Duel with Hamilton • Angered by insulting remark attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged him to a duel. • Fatally shot Hamilton which led to the official end of the Federalist party • Trial for Treason • Created a plan to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana Territory under his rule. • Jefferson ordered his arrest and was tried for treason. • Jury acquitted based on the beliefs established by Marshall.

20. Challenges Abroad Background War with Tripoli • To protect U.S. merchant ships from Barbary states off the coast of North Africa • Washington and Adams paid a tribute to the governments • When Jefferson took office, pirates demanded an increase in payment • Jefferson sent a small naval fleet to Mediterranean. • Fighting lasted from 1801 – 1805. • American navy did not achieve decisive victory but gained some respect.

21. Challenges to Neutrality • Continued infringement of freedom of seas led to increased tension between the U.S. and Britain and France. • Both regularly seized American ships and confiscated the cargo. • Britain was chief offender who regularly captured U.S. sailors and impressed them to serve in the British navy. • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair • In 1807, the British ship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. • Anti-British feelings ran high, and many Americans demanded war.

22. Embargo Act of 1807 • To overt war, Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807. • Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. • Jefferson hoped the British would stop violating rights of neutral nations because of theIR dependency on U.S. goods. • Result: • Brought great economic hardship to the U.S. • Merchant marines and shipbuilders were hurt the most. • British did not respond in the manner Jefferson hoped. • Repealed in 1809