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Lesson 8: Cell Structure and Functions

eu – true pro – before elle – small bi – two cyto – cell lys – to split chloro - green. Lesson 8: Cell Structure and Functions. The Building Blocks of Life. The Cell Theory. All living things are made of cells. New cells come from cells.

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Lesson 8: Cell Structure and Functions

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  1. eu – true pro – before elle – small bi – two cyto – cell lys – to split chloro - green Lesson 8: Cell Structure and Functions The Building Blocksof Life

  2. The Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • New cells come from cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. • May the CODE be with you! • ALTMC • NCFC • CBUSFLT

  3. bacteriacells Types of cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells

  4. Animal cell Bacterial cell Cell size comparison most bacteria • 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns • micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter • diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

  5. Organelles = structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell. Model Animal Cell

  6. Cells need power to live! • Making energy • to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… • take in food & digest it • take in oxygen (O2) • make ATP • remove waste • organelles that do this work… • cell membrane • lysosomes • vacuoles & vesicles • mitochondria ATP

  7. phosphate“head” Cell MEMBRANE • Function • separates cell from outside • controls what enters or leaves cell • O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste • recognizes signals from other cells • allows communication between cells • Structure • double layer of fat • phospholipid bilayer • receptor molecules • proteins lipid “tail”

  8. Cytoplasm = jelly-like filling that holds organelles • Membrane • cell boundary • controls passage • communicates

  9. Vacuoles & vesicles • Function • Transports material in cell • storage • Structure • membrane sac small foodparticle vacuole digesting food inside cell

  10. food vacuoles central vacuole contractilevacuole Food & water storage plant cells animal cells

  11. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

  12. Lysosomes • Function • digest food • clean up & recycle • digest broken organelles • Structure • membrane sac of digestive enzymes lysosomes small foodparticle digesting brokenorganelles vacuole digesting food

  13. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

  14. Mitochondria • Function • make ATP energy from cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • fuels the work of life • Structure • double membrane ATP in both animal & plant cells

  15. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

  16. Plants make energy two ways! ATP • Mitochondria • make energy from sugar + O2 • cellular respiration • sugar + O2  ATP • Chloroplasts • make energy + sugar from sunlight • photosynthesis • sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar • ATP = active energy • sugar = stored energy • build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars sugar ATP

  17. mitochondria Chloroplast/plastid Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells

  18. When things go bad… • Diseases of lysosomes are fatal • digestive enzyme not working in lysosome • picks up food, but can’t digest it • lysosomes fill up with undigested material • grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function • example:Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells

  19. But sometimes cells need to die… • Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed • some cells have to die for proper development in an organism • ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog • ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers during fetal development • “auto-destruct” process • lysosomes break open and kill cell • cell “suicide”

  20. syndactyly Fetal development 6 weeks 15 weeks

  21. + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide light energy  6CO2 + 6H2O + + 6O2 C6H12O6 ATP Chloroplasts • sun energy  ATP & sugars • photosynthesis

  22. The Great ENERGY Circle of Life sun Photosynthesis plants glucosesugar O2 + CO2 + H2O Respiration animals & plants ATP

  23. cytoplasm central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals lysosome digestion & clean up

  24. Cells need workers (proteins)! • Making proteins • to run daily life & growth, the cell must… • read genes (DNA) • build proteins • structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) • enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) • signals (hormones) & receptors • organelles that make proteins… • nucleus • ribosomes • endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus

  25. Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structure enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells

  26. Nucleus • Function • control center of cell • protects DNA • instructions for building proteins • Structure • nuclear membrane • nucleolus • ribosome factory • chromosomes • DNA

  27. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

  28. Ribosomes • Function • protein factories • read instructions to build proteins from DNA • Structure • 2 subunits • some free in cytoplasm • some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER largesubunit smallsubunit

  29. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

  30. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function • part of protein factory • helps complete the proteins • makes membranes • Structure • rough ER • ribosomes attached • works on proteins • smooth ER • makes membranes

  31. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

  32. Golgi Apparatus • Function • finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins • like UPS headquarters • shipping & receiving department • ships proteins in vesicles • “UPS trucks” • Structure • membrane sacs vesicles carrying proteins transport vesicles

  33. TO: TO: TO: endoplasmicreticulum nucleus proteinon its way! DNA RNA vesicle vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finishedprotein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins

  34. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

  35. endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes nucleus control cell protects DNA ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals lysosome digestion & clean up

  36. TEST TIPS! Before the test, use flash cards to help you study. Prepare cards about items that are difficult for you. Review the cards in random order.

  37. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which structure is responsible for making proteins? • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic reticulum • Vacuoles

  38. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Ribosomes are made in the • A. nucleus • B. nucleolus • C. rough endoplasmic reticulum • D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  39. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which structure controls what enters and leaves the cell? • A. nucleus • B. cell membrane • C. vacuoles • D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  40. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • In what structure would you find digestive enzymes? • A. ribosomes • B. lysosomes • C. golgi apparatus • D. vacuoles

  41. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which structure has the ability to communicate with other cells? • A. nucleus • B. lysosomes • C. cell membrane • D. ribosomes

  42. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which organelle provides the ATP energy for an animal cell? • A. mitochondria • B. chloroplast • C. rough endoplasmic reticulum • D. golgi apparatus

  43. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • When proteins are complete, they go to which organelle for packaging? • A. golgi apparatus • B. ribosomes • C. vesicles • D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  44. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Plants can make energy in two ways. Which organelles are used in plants for making energy? • A. mitochondria and ribosomes • B. chloroplasts only • C. mitochondria and chloroplasts • D. mitochondria only

  45. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz • Which organelle holds large amounts of water to provide structure for a plant cell? • A. vesicle • B. central vacuole • C. cell wall • D. cell membrane

  46. Cell Structures and Functions Quiz 10. In a plant cell where would you find chromosomes? A. nucleus B. nucleolus C. nuclear envelope D. chloroplasts

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