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Chapter 14

Chapter 14 . Ladders. Introduction. Ladders provide access to elevated or below-grade locations. Solid wood beams Truss-type beams High-strength aluminium New design technology continued to meet ladder needs Ladders can be used for many purposes. 14. 2. Ladder Terminology.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Ladders

  2. Introduction • Ladders provide access to elevated or below-grade locations. • Solid wood beams • Truss-type beams • High-strength aluminium • New design technology continued to meet ladder needs • Ladders can be used for many purposes. 14.2

  3. Ladder Terminology • A structure consisting of two long sides crossed by parallel rungs, used to climb up and down • A means of ascent and descent 14.3

  4. Parts of a Ladder • Parts might have multiple names. • Common terminology • Glossary of ladder parts 14.4

  5. (A) Straight ladder terminology. (B) Steel spurs on a ladder of truss construction. (C) Swivel shoes with pads and spikes. 14.5

  6. Ladder Companies • Apparatus that carry ladders, devices, tools, and personnel to upper levels • Tower ladders and boom ladders • Responsible for tasks associated with entry 14.6

  7. Ground (or Portable) Ladders • Complement of ground ladders • Common types • Straight • Extension • Various specialized ladders • Folding • Roof or hook • A-frame combination ladder 14.7

  8. Straight wall ladders. 14.8

  9. Extension ladder terminology. 14.9

  10. A hook ladder, with retracted hooks, being used as a straight ladder. 14.10

  11. (A) (B) Folding ladder (also called a suitcase or attic ladder). (A) Folded. (B) Opened. 14.11

  12. (A) (B) Combination A-frame ladder. (A) Used as a short extension ladder. (B) In the A-frame stepladder mode. 14.12

  13. Use and Care • Care must be employed to prevent damage • NFPA Standard 1931 14.13

  14. Ground Ladder Tips

  15. Maintenance, Cleaning,and Inspection • Regular intervals • Certification label • Ladders needing repair are removed from service • Use of trained technicians 14.15

  16. General Inspection Guidelines 14.16

  17. Extension Ladder Inspection Guidelines 14.17

  18. Cleaning Ladders • Dirt and caustic substances • Warm soapy detergent and scrub brush • Manufacturer’s recommendations 14.18

  19. Ladder Uses • Primarily climbing • Shoring tool • Fence • Hold back loose debris • Chute to channel water 14.19

  20. Ladder Uses (cont.) • Access • Rescue • Salvage operations • Stability • Ventilation • Bridging • Elevated streams • Elevated work position 14.20

  21. Ladder Selection • Once target identified • What length of ladder is necessary? • What will be done with the ladder? • Will ladder be used at several locations? • Is a straight or extension ladder needed? • Additional considerations • Ground condition • Accessibility of location • Available personnel 14.21

  22. Butt Section • Ground slopes • Proper climbing angle is 75 degrees. • Placed under the target • Butt should be carried in the direction of the target. 14.22

  23. Fly Section • Tip of fly dictates how ladder will be used. • Placement of tip will be important. • Windows • Roof level • Fire escapes 14.23

  24. (A) (B) (A) Ladder placed with the tip below the windowsill. (B) Ladder placed with the tip at the top of the windowsill to either side. 14.24

  25. Special Uses • Can be used as tools or as portable stairs • Ladder integrity not compromised 14.25

  26. Removal of Numerous Victims • Method • Raise ladder • Ascend and secure victim • Descend escorting victim • For several victims, use two or more ladders. • One “supply” ladder can service many escape ladders. 14.26

  27. Multiple ladder rescue technique. 14.27

  28. Chute with a Tarp Prevent water damage Ladder with salvage cover, plastic sheet, or tarp can be used as a makeshift chute to direct water out a window. 14.28

  29. Over a Fence Two short ladders tied together in an A-frame can be used to climb over fences. There are times a fence cannot be cut. 14.29

  30. Elevated Hose Streams • Locations that could not be approached conventionally • Basic safety practices • Firefighter and hose secured to ladder • Ladder must be stabilized at base or tip. 14.30

  31. A handline can be used off a ground ladder for difficult-to-reach areas. Note the use of a ladder belt. 14.31

  32. Portable Pool • Three or four ladders can be tied together to form a crib and lined with a tarp. • Filled with water • Used to capture runoff 14.32

  33. Barrier • Secure dangerous areas • Provides a positive visual deterrent . 14.33

  34. Support With ropes, a ladder can be secured to substantial objects. Only as an emergency structural stabilizer • Should be replaced as soon as possible with tools designed for the situation 14.34

  35. Hoist Point • A-frame hoist • Pulley and rope are attached. • Ladder weight limits 14.35

  36. A-frame hoist. 14.36

  37. Ventilation Fan Supports • Short ladder spanning an opening • Innovation tempered with safety 14.37

  38. Safety • Common sense • Gloves • Correct ladder • Overhead wires must be considered “live.” • When on a ladder, firefighter should keep three limbs in contact. 14.38

  39. Overhead Obstructions • Injury potential • Tree limbs, structural overhangs • Television and telephone wires • Overhead electrical lines A ladder can make an electrical connection to ground. 14.39

  40. Climbing Path • Passageway a firefighter climbs through while ascending ladder • Obstructed paths • Firefighter is required to alter normal climbing angle. • Squeeze through a tight space. • Breathing apparatus must be considered. 14.40

  41. “Climbing path” pass-through area. 14.41

  42. Ground Considerations • Ladder must be stable. • Ground must be level. • Dangerous lateral lean Uneven ground effect is magnified as the ladder increases in height. 14.42

  43. Ladder Load • Number of people permitted on ladder • Load capacity • Recommended maximum load label 14.43

  44. Ladders must be positioned properly and not overloaded. 14.44

  45. Working Off a Ladder • Firefighter secured to ladder • Ladder belts • Safety harness • Leg lock Leg lock. 14.45

  46. Ladder Storage • More than two support points • Flat surface • Avoid the same contact points when storing. • Apparatus ladder storage • Stored under cover in compartments • De-icing products 14.46

  47. Ladder Apparatus Parking Park ladder apparatus at an angle to the fire building to ensure ladder access Leave room for removal of ladders. 14.47

  48. Ladder Painting • Should never be painted as a means of maintenance • Small areas should be painted. • Identification • Visibility • Quick reference • Hoist points 14.48

  49. Certification andTesting Procedures • NFPA Standard 1931 • When ladder model is designed, rigid testing is needed. • Ladder label 14.49

  50. Ladder Skills • Common terminology and technique • Commands • Common sense 14.50

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