1. Toward Effective Trilateral Development Cooperation Dominique Njinkeu Executive Director International Lawyers and Economists Against Poverty (ILEAP) Delhi, August 12-13, 2008

2. Structure of Presentation • Background on TDC: Who and what? • Profiling the partners in TDC • Experiences and Lessons Learned • Broadening the concept: Multilateral frameworks • Broadening the concept: Non-state-actors • Concluding remarks

3. Background • Aid has worked in some economies. • But others lagging, aid dependent, little transformation to higher growth paths • Two broad sources of failure • design and delivery: Paris Declaration • constraints to aid effectiveness: knowledge of local economic, cultural and political conditions. Main question: can TDC help?

4. Background • TDC: • member of the OECD-DAC: Aid practices aligned to DAC standards • Emerging donor (ED): Resources + expertise • Recipients: countries, multilaterals, NSAs

5. Profiling the recipients: the bottom billion (Weak, disadvantaged, failing states ) • Poverty-trap • Conflicts and poor governance • Low human development • Natural resource • Access to markets

6. Profiling cooperation countries e.g. China Focus on African long-term objectives • Competing business interests, good governance and rule of law • Energy security (at any cost?); commodity, climate and environmental security • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI); Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) • Transparency in aid and loan allocation, debt build-up Possible way: TDC; Paris Declaration

7. Experiences and Lessons Learned: Institutional building • Experience of institutional transformation in Thailand and Brazil • Thai International Cooperation Program (TICP) and Brazilian Cooperation Agency or ABC : cooperation center for others • Provided direct assistance • on HRD, dispatch of experts, and provision of equipment. • Areas: fisheries, agriculture, security, health (particularly HIV/AIDS), use of bio-fuels ethanol and bio-diesel).

8. Experiences and Lessons Learned: Japanese Support to Transfer of Know-how • Japanese aid success in nurturing emerging donor to assume center stage in aid delivery to other recipients of development aid: Thailand • Joint Japan Human Resources Development Fund (JHRDF) - UNDP effort on the development of the NERICA (New Rice for Africa) overseen by the West African Development Association (WARDA)

9. Experiences and Lessons Learned: TICAD • TICAD: a consultation framework on African development challenges and defining the underpinnings of Japanese aid strategy. • TICAD I: ownership and Asia-Africa cooperation; • TICAD II: promoting a proactive role of the state, good governance and democratization of political systems. • TICAD III: norms and institutions that protect and empower people and communities; exchange on NEPAD. • TICAD IV, in 2008, promoting economic growth, human security and environmental issues.

10. Broadening the concept: United Nations system a key player • Universal presence and neutrality positions UN as a knowledge-based organization for exchange of development experience. • Global program: facilitate interregional exchange and learning; maximizes the synergies of knowledge sharing. • Regional programs: share best practices and draw attention to innovation. • TDC has been happening through the Emerging Donors Initiative (EDI) in putting in place delivery mechanisms compatible with DAC standards

11. Broadening the concept: Non-States Actors • Emergence of NSA producing research and informing policy formulation and implementation • Research institutions and networks : evidence-based decision-making • NSA focusing on advocacy and or bringing in the policy debate various stakeholders, particularly the poor and marginalized segments of the population. • Role of local NSA, particularly the researchers, in promoting evidence-based decisions and much-needed focus on longer-term objectives

12. Concluding remarks • Conflicts and poor governance: • concerted efforts to harmonize interventions • CC: China, India; regional partners (Nigeria, South Africa, RECs..); NSAs • Low human development: agricultural transformation and others • Study each sector and recipient to identify cooperation country • CC: Brazil, India, Asia for Africa; regional partners; NSAs

13. Concluding remarks 3. Natural resource : • Importance of initiatives such as the EITI • All countries + NSAs 4. Access to markets: • privileged access + AFT • DAC + cooperation countries providing resources • All countries + NSAs

14. Concluding remarks 5. More work on the concept required • Scholarly work on the concept e.g. benchmarking and counterfactual analysis • Costs and benefits were not addressed: Case studies • Broadening the scope to include the NSAs?