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Protestant Reformers

The Protestant Reformation sparked a religious revolution led by key figures like Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox. Central to this movement were doctrines such as "Sola Fides" (justification by faith alone) and challenges to Catholic traditions, including the selling of indulgences and the interpretation of the Eucharist. While Luther emphasized faith and the presence of Christ during communion, Zwingli viewed the Eucharist as merely symbolic. The movement also gave rise to sectarianism and individualism, contrasting with the Catholic Church's emphasis on tradition and authority. The Council of Trent served as the response to these reforms, reaffirming the Catholic stance on doctrine and church authority.

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Protestant Reformers

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  1. Protestant Reformers

  2. Martin Luther • Against selling of indulgences • Sola fides – justified by faith alone • Cannot influence the salvation of others • Use of vernacular hymns that taught beliefs • Eucharist – bread and wine not just symbolic • Consubstantiation – bread and wine AND presence of Christ

  3. Martin Luther – Catholic Response • James 2:24 – Not justified by faith alone. • Faith and good works cannot be separated • Ancient debate • Pelagius – humans are saved through good works • Augustine – grace, not works save us • Grace inspires faith and good works • Community does influence who we are.

  4. Ulrich Zwingli • “Reformed” movement • Authority rests on Bible, not Pope • Center of worship – font, pulpit (preaching), and communion • Eucharist – only a symbol • Christ is in heaven, not earth

  5. Ulrich Zwingli – Catholic Response • Basis of the Bible is Tradition • Bible continually needs to be interpreted through Tradition. • Focus on human preaching rather than God’s action through ritual and symbol • Anabaptist movement – baptize only adults • Augustine & baptism – infant baptism reminds us of our need for help and the power of God. • John 6 and the early Tradition of the Church

  6. John Calvin • Institutes – Guidebook for Protestantism • Geneva Bible – guides reading & interpretation of Biblical passages • John Knox – preaching at the center

  7. John Calvin – Catholic Response • Transfers authority from the Tradition of the Church to his own interpretation • In essences, sets up a “reformed” catechism based on Calvin’s interpretation.

  8. Anglican Movement • Church of England started by Henry VIII • Placed the government over the Church • King is head of the Anglican Church • Very close in practice and teachings to the Catholic Church. • Recent Anglican communion with Rome

  9. Protestant legacy • Tendency to Sectarianism • Start new Churches rather than resolve disputes from within the community • Human Acts over God’s Action • Individual over Community • Local over Universal • Thus, it is a fundamentally opposed to the unity of Christians • Final authority is the self (individualism) • Any idea can be most important

  10. Council of Trent (1245-63) • Catholic Church’s official response to the Protestant Reformation • Set about reform • Stopped selling indulgences • Better training of priests • Focus on Spiritual over worldliness • Affirmed Church’s authority in interpreting Bible • Affirmed Bishops & priests • Reaffirmed doctrine, especially the Sacraments

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