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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. Spring 2010. Adult Skeleton. Skeletal System. Functions Structural framework for body Protection of organs Levers Mineral storage Blood cell production. Skeletal System. 350 bones at birth. 206 at 25 years of age Bones and joints are included in the skeletal system.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System Spring 2010

  2. Adult Skeleton

  3. Skeletal System • Functions • Structural framework for body • Protection of organs • Levers • Mineral storage • Blood cell production

  4. Skeletal System • 350 bones at birth. • 206 at 25 years of age • Bones and joints are included in the skeletal system. • Each bone is an organ.

  5. Bone Shapes • Long bones • Longer than wide • Short bones • As broad as they are long • Flat bones • Thin, flat, usually curved • Irregular • Combination • Sesamoid • Found in tendons, near joints

  6. Long Bones • Shaft of bone aka Diaphysis • Outer part is compact bone • Inner part is spongy bone • Contains medullary cavity • Lined with endosteum • Filled with yellow bone marrow • Stores fat

  7. Long Bones • Ends of long bones are called epiphysis • Point of connection to other bones through ligaments, cartilage and muscles • Cartilage protects against friction and rubbing of bones • Inner part is spongy bone • Proximal and distal epiphysis • Bone covering is called periosteum.

  8. Short Bones • Cube shaped

  9. Flat Bones • Flat, curved • Areas of protection and muscle attachment

  10. Irregular Bones

  11. Sesamoid Bones • Form in a tendon near a joint in response to friction, tension and physical stress. • Only 1 named sesamoid bone, patella.

  12. Bone Cells Osteogenic cellOsteoblast (builds) Osteocyte (maintains)

  13. Bone Cells • Osteogenic cell • Bone stem cell • Located in the endosteum and periosteum • Osteoblast • Blast = Immature cell capable of reproduction • Builds bone • process is ossification • Osteocyte • Maintains bone matrix

  14. Bone Cells Osteoclast (reabsorbs bone) Osteoclasts formed by fusion of 2 monocytes.

  15. Bone Extensions • Extensions are called processes • Serve as points of muscle attachment (tendon) • Serve as points of articulation with other bones (ligament)

  16. Trochanter

  17. Bone Depressions • Shallow hollowed space or a groove or opening.

  18. Bone Marrow • Red is contained in long and flat bones in adults; most bones in infants. • Red • Site of blood cell production. • Yellow • Replaces red as a person ages. • Site of fat storage.

  19. The Skeleton • Axial Skeleton • 80 Bones • Skull (counting 6 auditory ossicles and 1 hyoid bone) (29) • Vertebral Column (26) • Vertebrae • Ribs & sternum (25)

  20. Skull

  21. Skull

  22. Skull

  23. Skull

  24. Auditory Ossicles

  25. Hyoid Bone

  26. Spine

  27. 5 Regions of the Spine • Cervical • 7 vertebrae • Thoracic • 12 vertebrae • Lumbar • 5 vertebrae • Sacral • 51 bone • Coccygeal • 41 bone

  28. Rib Cage

  29. The Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton • 126 bones • Pectoral Girdle (4) • Upper limbs (60) • Pelvic Girdle (2) • Lower limb (60)

  30. Pectoral Girdle

  31. Upper Extremity

  32. Pelvic Girdle

  33. Ways To Tell Male From Female Pelvis • Spines farther apart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in male. • Obturator foramen: oval in female vs. rounded in male. • Pubic arch: less than 90°, more sharply angled in male; greater than 90°, more rounded in female.

  34. Joints • Points where bones connect. • Bones are held to bones by ligaments. • Classified according to degree of movement and according to whether they contain a joint space. • If they have a joint space, they are called synovial.

  35. Classified by Movement • Diarthrosis: • Freely moveable. • All are synovial.

  36. Classified by Movement • Amphiarthrosis: • Slightly moveable. • All are cartilaginous, not synovial. • Cartilaginous disc between bones.

  37. Classified by Movement • Synarthrosis: • Immoveable joint. • All are fibrous, not synovial. • Bones are held together by tough fibrous tissue.

  38. Fractures • Simple aka closed: • bone breaks cleanly, not through skin. • Includes hairline frx in which parts are not separated.

  39. Fractures • Open aka compound • Ends of broken bone pierce the skin. • Includes dislocation of bone parts called complex frx.

  40. Fractures • Greenstick aka incomplete. • Usu in a child.

  41. Fractures • Comminuted • Bone is shattered or splintered.

  42. Fractures • Colles’ Frx • Fracture of distal radius with posterior displacement of distal portion.

  43. Fractures • Impacted • Broken portions are forcefully pressed together. • In the skull, this is called a depression fracture.

  44. Fractures • Compression frx. • Occurs when vertebrae are forced into each other.

  45. Fractures • Spiral frx. • The bone is twisted apart. • Often occurs in skiing accidents as shown here.

  46. Disorders • Osteoporosis • Porous bones: demineralization of bones • Starts around age 35.

  47. Disorders • Osteomyelitis • Bacterial infection of the bone. • Case History: This 13 y.o. healthy teenager sustained a both bones (radius and ulna) forearm fracture, grade I open, playing football at summer camp. It was washed out and plated 3 days later. • Clinical Course: He developed fever, chills, and drainage of the wound several weeks after treatment. He was referred shortly after given oral antibiotics, 6 weeks after injury, with the following presentation.

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