The Enlightenment and Reformation

1. The Enlightenment and Reformation Ms. Carmelitano

2. The Reformation • By the 1500’s the church had weakened • The Renaissance emphasized secular and individual achievement • People began to challenge the authority of the church • Criticisms: • Leaders were corrupt • Popes spent tax money on personal pleasures and fought wars • Popes had children and affairs • Sell of Indulgences: Selling salvation into Heaven • The Reformation: • The movement to “reform” the church”

3. Martin Luther • A German monk and teacher • Ninety-Five Thesis: • 1517 • Public stand against the Church • Luther posted a list of statements against the church on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany • Someone took the list to the printer, and copied them, distributing them quickly and beginning the reformation movement

4. Luther’s teachings • People could win salvation by faith alone • All church teachings should be based on the Bible not the Pope • All people were equal in the faith – priests were not needed to interpret the Bible • Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther • With the “Edict of Worms” Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire declared Luther an outlaw and heretic • Luther formed his own religion: Lutherans • Those who followed Luther protested against the church and king – this is why they are called Protestants • The two groups went to war • Peace of Augsburg: Settlement declaring each king could decide the religion of their state

5. Anglicans • King Henry VII • King of England in 1509 and was a Catholic • He needed a male heir • Married to Catherine of Aragon – and only had a daughter: Mary • He wanted to divorce her • Church law did not allowed divorce, but the Pope could annul the marriage • He did not • The king called parliament to pass a set of laws to end the Pope’s power in England: Reformation parliament • Began his own religion: Anglican • Henry then married Ann Boleyn who had Elizabeth • He charged her with treason and imprisoned her and beheaded her • He married Jane Seymour and had Edward – he married three more times after that

6. John Calvin: Calvinism • Another protestant who declared his own ideas about God, salvation, and human nature • He believed women were sinful by nature, and humans cannot earn salvation • He believed in predestination: • The idea that God chooses who will be saved before they are born and there is nothing they can do to change that

7. Catholic Reformation • Those within the Catholic church who wanted to reform it • Counter Reformation • Council of Trent: Doctrines for clergy to follow • Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final • Christians needed faith and good works for salvation • The Bible and Church tradition were equally authorities • Indulgences were valid expressions of faith but selling false indulgences was banned

8. The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution • Scientific Revolution: As people began to question the church, new theories about how the world and the heavens worked were launched • Enlightenment:An intellectual movement that stressed thought and reason and the power of individuals to solve problems

9. Enlightenment Views • Government: • Hobbes: All humans were naturally selfish and wicked • Social Contract: People freely handed over their rights to a strong ruler to gain law and order • John Locke: People could learn from experience and improve themselves they were good natured and reasonable • Believed in self government, and that the government should work for the people or be removed

10. Philosophies of Thought and Reason • Five concepts • 1. Reason:truth can be discovered through reason and logical thinking • 2. Nature: what was natural is good and reasonable • 3. Happiness:People should find joy on earth not just in the after life • 4. Progress: society and human kind could improve • 5. Liberty: People have the right to Life, Liberty, and Property