Anthony Chow, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Dept. of Library and Information Studies

1. How am I Doing? School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Gauging Relationships with Other School Stakeholders Anthony Chow, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Dept. of Library and Information Studies The University of North Carolina at Greensboro

2. Overview Introduction Literature Method Results Discussion and Conclusions

3. Introduction A case study of four school libraries introduced strategic planning as a way to build consensus and increase communication among school stakeholders. How do we measure the impact on the school librarian? I created the School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Social Information Processing Scale

4. Literature • Self-efficacy is defined as, “beliefs in one’s capabilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action needed to meet given situational demands” (Wood & Bandura, 1989, p. 408) • GSE or General Self-Efficacy is defined as “one’s belief in one’s overall competence to effect requisite performances across a wide variety of achievement situations” (Eden, in press) or as “individuals’ perception of their ability to perform across a variety of different situations” (Judge, Erez, et al., 1998, p. 170) • New Generation Self-Efficacy Scale (Chen, Gully, & Eden, 2001) • 8-item scale that measures self-efficacy

5. Literature (2) • Social Information Processing Theory (Colucci & Rice, 2009) • Social Information Processing Theory (SIP) (Rice, 1993; Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978) holds that • Individual evaluations of Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction are a reflection of social influence factors, such as information, modeling, and cues regarding social consensus from three factors: • Communication behavior with others • Social cues regarding job satisfaction attitudes • Social cues regarding job characteristics attitudes

6. School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Social Information Processing Scale Social Cues Regarding Job Satisfaction Attitudes How am I Doing? Social Cues Regarding Job Characteristics Attitudes Communication with Others Self-Efficacy

7. Research Questions RQ1: What is the current self-efficacy and “social reality” of school librarians? RQ2: Would introducing strategic planning positively impact school librarian self-efficacy and the three factors comprising one’s “social reality”? RQ3: What is the impact of one’s social relationships with general self-efficacy?

8. Method • Case studies of four school librarians • Two elementary, one middle, and one high school • Pretest of all four using SESIPS • Teacher survey (n=58) • Parent survey (n=6)

9. Results – Pretest of all four

10. Results (2) – Pretest of all four

11. Results (3) – Pretest summary of all four

12. The Tale of Two School Librarians

13. Librarian 1 – Pretty Confident!

14. Social cues suggest stakeholders are more satisfied….

15. Pre-teacher ratings (5.3 average; n=8)

16. Seeing an improvement with two groups, not so much for a third… I have begun to make a very positive impact on the staff, in general, as they have come to understand my role as a provider for quality, instructional technology resources. It has only been in the last month that I have been able to lead a professional development workshop. Two of my administrators were present for it and both expressed that they thought the session was well done. I believe it was the first time they really recognized my potential as an untapped resource. A few of the teachers were surprised that I invited the entire faculty to collaborate on lessons. They did not know that I would be willing to "teach".

17. A second librarian – great things are happening

18. Satisfaction is improving… ah that’s what she does!

19. Relationships are also improving….

20. Pre-teacher Ratings (5.2 average; n=11)

21. Self-efficacy and confidence is flowering!

22. Scale Composite Scores

23. Discussion and Conclusions • Building a school library strategic plan • Empowers librarians to establish an ideal vision • Encourages collaboration • Active, assertive steps towards building a collective vision for the future • School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Social Information Processing Scale provides a way of measuring impact and current social “reality”

24. Research Questions • RQ1: What is the current self-efficacy and “social reality” of school librarians? • Too early to tell – One continues to do well, the other is doing really well • Relationships with parents, leaders, and teachers continue to lowest rated • Need to increase sample size

25. Research Questions • RQ2: Would introducing strategic planning positively impact school librarian self-efficacy and “social reality”? • Preliminary data suggests “yes” • Both responding librarians have experienced growth and improvement in the areas of communication and attitudes towards job satisfaction and job characteristics. • Again need to increase sample size

26. Final Thoughts • Just getting started • My new book, Library Technology and User Services, details the strategic planning process explicitly within the context of technology and user services. • I’m a systems designer and live by the motto, “Make your own luck” • Create an ideal vision of what you want to become • Work backwards securing the resources and means necessary to accomplish your goals • Work hard and you will be a lot closer to achieving that vision then you are today !

27. Are you interested? • I would be happy to: • Provide you with our online strategic planning instrument • Email support if needed • Provide you access to the self-efficacy and social information diagnostic scale • Just leave me your name and email address and we will be in touch with you • I just want your data (completely anonymous and confidential) to help refine and validate the instruments so they are truly effective and worthwhile…. • The slides will be available at anthonyschow.wordpress.com

28. References Colucci & Rice, 2009 Chen, G., Gully, S., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a New General Self-Efficacy Scale. Organizational Research Methods 2001; 4; 62 Eden, D. (in press). Means efficacy: External sources of general and specific subjective efficacy. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck,&H. Thierry (Eds.),Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Judge, T. A., Erez, A.,&Bono, J. A. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance. Human Performance, 11, 167-187. Rice, 1993 Salancik& Pfeffer, 1978 Wood, R. & Bandura, A. (1989). Social Theory of Organizational Management. Academy of Management Review, 1989, Vol. 14, No. 3, 361-384.

29. Contact Me Anthony Chow, Ph.D. aschow@uncg.edu anthonyschow.wordpress.com